Editing Cognitive science (section)

===Bodily processes related to cognition===

[[Embodied cognition]] approaches to cognitive science emphasize the role of body and environment in cognition. This includes both neural and extra-neural bodily processes, and factors that range from affective and emotional processes,<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Colombetti, G |author2=Krueger, J. |title=Scaffoldings of the affective mind |journal=Philosophical Psychology |date=2015 |volume=28 |issue=8 |pages=1157–1176|doi=10.1080/09515089.2014.976334 |hdl=10871/15680 |s2cid=73617860 |url=https://philpapers.org/rec/COLSOT-3 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> to posture, motor control, [[proprioception]], and kinaesthesis,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gallagher |first1=Shaun |title=How the Body Shapes the Mind |date=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford}}</ref> to autonomic processes that involve heartbeat<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Garfinkel |first1=S. N. |last2=Barrett |first2=A. B. |last3=Minati |first3=L. |last4=Dolan |first4=R. J. |last5=Seth |first5=A. K. |last6=Critchley |first6=H. D. |title=What the heart forgets: Cardiac timing influences memory for words and is modulated by metacognition and interoceptive sensitivity |journal=Psychophysiology |date=2013 |volume=50 |issue=6 |pages=505–512|doi=10.1111/psyp.12039 |pmid=23521494 |pmc=4340570 }}</ref> and respiration,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Varga |first1=S. |last2=Heck |first2=D. H. |title=Rhythms of the body, rhythms of the brain: respiration, neural oscillations, and embodied cognition |journal=Consciousness and Cognition |date=2017 |volume=56 |pages=77–90|doi=10.1016/j.concog.2017.09.008 |pmid=29073509 |s2cid=8448790 }}</ref> to the role of the enteric gut microbiome.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Davidson |first1=G. L. |last2=Cooke |first2=A. C. |last3=Johnson |first3=C. N. |last4=Quinn |first4=J. L. |title=The gut microbiome as a driver of individual variation in cognition and functional behaviour |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |date=2018 |volume=373 |issue=1756 |page=20170286|doi=10.1098/rstb.2017.0286 |pmid=30104431 |pmc=6107574 }}</ref> It also includes accounts of how the body engages with or is coupled to social and physical environments. 4E (embodied, embedded, extended and enactive) cognition<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Newen |editor-first=A. |editor-last2=De Bruin |editor-first2=L. |editor-last3=Gallagher |editor-first3=S. |title=The Oxford handbook of 4E cognition |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Menary |first1=Richard |title=Special Issue on 4E Cognition |journal=Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences |date=2010 |volume=9 |issue=4|doi=10.1007/s11097-010-9187-6 |s2cid=143621939 }}</ref> includes a broad range of views about brain-body-environment interaction, from causal embeddedness to stronger claims about how the mind extends to include tools and instruments, as well as the role of social interactions, action-oriented processes, and affordances. 4E theories range from those closer to classic cognitivism (so-called "weak" embodied cognition<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Alsmith |first1=A. J. T. |last2=De Vignemont |first2=F. |title=Embodying the mind and representing the body |journal=Review of Philosophy and Psychology |date=2012 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=1–13|doi=10.1007/s13164-012-0085-4 |s2cid=5823387 |url=https://hal.science/ijn_00686107/file/Embodying_the_mind_and_representing_the_body.pdf }}</ref>) to stronger extended<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Clark |first1=Andy |title=Précis of Supersizing the mind: embodiment, action, and cognitive extension |journal=Philosophical Studies |date=2011 |volume=152 |issue=3 |pages=413–416|doi=10.1007/s11098-010-9597-x |s2cid=170708745 }}</ref> and enactive versions that are sometimes referred to as radical embodied cognitive science.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chemero |first1=Anthony |title=Radical embodied cognitive science |date=2011 |publisher=MIT Press |location=Cambridge}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hutto, Daniel D. & Erik Myin. |title=Radicalizing enactivism: Basic minds without content |date=2012 |publisher=MIT Press |location=Cambridge}}</ref>

A hypothesis of pre-perceptual multimodal integration supports embodied cognition approaches and converges two competing naturalist and constructivist viewpoints about cognition and the development of emotions.<ref name="Reflexes Cognition" >Val Danilov I, Mihailova S (2025). "Reflexes and Shared Intentionality in the Origins of Emotions Development: A Scoping Review of Studies on Blinking in Infants". ''OBM Neurobiology'' 2025; 9(1): 263; doi:10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2501263.</ref> According to this hypothesis supported by empirical data, cognition and emotion development are initiated by the association of affective cues with stimuli responsible for triggering the neuronal pathways of simple reflexes.<ref name="Reflexes Cognition" /> This pre-perceptual multimodal integration can succeed owing to neuronal coherence in mother-child dyads beginning from pregnancy.<ref name="Reflexes Cognition" /> These cognitive-reflex and emotion-reflex stimuli conjunctions further form simple innate neuronal assemblies, shaping the cognitive and emotional neuronal patterns in statistical learning that are continuously connected with the neuronal pathways of reflexes.<ref name="Reflexes Cognition" />