Editing Coca-Cola (section)

==Production==
===Listed ingredients===
* Carbonated water
* Sugar ([[sucrose]] or [[high-fructose corn syrup]] (HFCS) depending on country of origin)
* [[Caffeine]]
* [[Phosphoric acid]]
* [[Caramel E-150d#Classification|Caramel color (E150d)]]
* Natural flavorings<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.letsgettogether.co.uk/DetailQuestionAnswer/QuestionID=2-color=df0f0b |title=Home of Coca-Cola UK : Diet Coke : Coke Zero – Coca-Cola GB |publisher=Letsgettogether.co.uk |date=April 13, 2010 |access-date=March 13, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100515103118/http://www.letsgettogether.co.uk/DetailQuestionAnswer/QuestionID%3D2-color%3Ddf0f0b |archive-date=May 15, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
A typical can of Coca-Cola (12 fl ounces/355&nbsp;ml) contains 39 grams of sugar,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list?qlookup=14400|title=Foods List|work=usda.gov|access-date=June 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119223520/https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list?qlookup=14400|archive-date=November 19, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> 46&nbsp;mg of caffeine,<ref name= "Caff"/> 50&nbsp;mg of sodium, no fat, no potassium, and 140 calories.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thedailyplate.com/nutrition-calories/food/coca-cola/coca-cola-classic-12&nbsp;oz-can |title=The Daily Plate |publisher=The Daily Plate |access-date=March 13, 2011 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

===Formula of natural flavorings===
{{Main|Coca-Cola formula}}

The exact formula for Coca-Cola's natural flavorings is a [[trade secret]]. (All of its other ingredients are listed on the side of the bottle or can, and are not secret.) The original copy of the formula was held in [[Truist Financial]]'s main vault in [[Atlanta]] for 86 years. Its predecessor, the [[Trust Company of America|Trust Company]], was the [[underwriter]] for the Coca-Cola Company's [[initial public offering]] in 1919. On December 8, 2011, the original secret formula was moved from the vault at [[SunTrust Banks]] into a new vault; this vault will be on display for visitors to its [[World of Coca-Cola]] museum in downtown Atlanta.<ref>{{Cite journal | url=http://www.csmonitor.com/Business/Latest-News-Wires/2011/1208/Coca-Cola-formula-after-86-years-in-vault-gets-new-home | title=Coca-Cola formula, after 86 years in vault, gets new home | journal=The Christian Science Monitor | date=December 8, 2011 | access-date=June 8, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124075036/https://www.csmonitor.com/Business/Latest-News-Wires/2011/1208/Coca-Cola-formula-after-86-years-in-vault-gets-new-home | archive-date=January 24, 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Coke Museum.JPG|thumb|World of Coca-Cola museum in Atlanta, Georgia]]

According to [[Snopes]], a popular myth states that only two executives have access to the formula, with each executive having only half the formula.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.snopes.com/cokelore/ |title=Urban Legends Reference Pages: Cokelore |access-date=February 10, 2007 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20081218031122/http://www.snopes.com/cokelore/ |archive-date=December 18, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> However, several sources state that while Coca-Cola does have a rule restricting access to only two executives, each of them knows the entire formula, and that persons other than the prescribed duo have known the formulation process.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.snopes.com/cokelore/formula.asp |title=Urban Legends Reference Pages: Cokelore (Have a Cloak and a Smile) |date=November 18, 1999 |access-date=February 22, 2007 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20051201022606/http://www.snopes.com/cokelore/formula.asp |archive-date=December 1, 2005 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On February 11, 2011, [[Ira Glass]] said on his [[Public Radio International|PRI]] radio show, ''[[This American Life]]'', that his staffers had found a recipe in "Everett Beal's Recipe Book", reproduced in the February 28, 1979 issue of ''[[The Atlanta Journal-Constitution]]'', that they believed was either Pemberton's original formula for Coca-Cola or a version that he made either before or after the product hit the market in 1886. The formula basically matched the one found in Pemberton's diary.<ref>{{cite news |first=Katie |last=Rogers |url=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/blog-post/2011/02/this_american_life_bursts_coca.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609050804/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/blog-post/2011/02/this_american_life_bursts_coca.html |archive-date=June 9, 2012 |title='This American Life' bursts Coca-Cola's bubble: What's in that original recipe, anyway? |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=February 15, 2011 |access-date=February 16, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Brett Michael |last=Dykes |url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/yblog_thelookout/20110215/ts_yblog_thelookout/did-nprs-this-american-life-discover-cokes-secret-formula |url-status=dead |title=Did NPR's 'This American Life' discover Coke's secret formula? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110217232118/http://news.yahoo.com/s/yblog_thelookout/20110215/ts_yblog_thelookout/did-nprs-this-american-life-discover-cokes-secret-formula |archive-date=February 17, 2011 |work=The Lookout |via=Yahoo! News |date=February 15, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=David W. |last=Freeman |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/this-american-life-reveals-coca-colas-secret-recipe-full-ingredient-list/ |title='This American Life' Reveals Coca-Cola's Secret Recipe (Full Ingredient List) |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218030813/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-504763_162-20031984-10391704.html |archive-date=February 18, 2011 |work=CBS News |date=February 15, 2011}}</ref> Coca-Cola archivist Phil Mooney acknowledged that the recipe "could be a precursor" to the formula used in the original 1886 product, but emphasized that Pemberton's original formula is not the same as the one used in the modern product.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/427/original-recipe/recipe |title=The Recipe |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110217180930/http://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/427/original-recipe/recipe |archive-date=February 17, 2011 |url-status=live |work=[[This American Life]] |date=February 11, 2011}}.</ref>

Joya Williams, a secretary to the global brand director at Coca-Cola's Atlanta headquarters, stole the [[Coca-Cola formula|formula]]. Williams, along with her accomplices Ibrahim Dimson and Edmund Duhaney, conspired to sell the confidential trade secret to Pepsi for $1.5 million USD. However, Pepsi did not capitalize on the opportunity and instead reported the illegal offer to Coca-Cola and the [[FBI]]. The FBI setup a sting operation posing as Pepsi executives, leading to the arrest of Williams and her accomplices.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/coca-cola-insider-tried-selling-secrets-to-pepsi-what-happened-next-6778659 |title=Coca-Cola Insider Tried Selling Secrets To Pepsi. What Happened Next |work=NDTV |date=October 13, 2024 |access-date=March 11, 2025}}</ref> Public prosecutor David Nahmias praised Pepsi for doing the right thing: "They did so because trade secrets are important to everybody in the business community. They realise that if their trade secrets are violated, they all suffer, the market suffers and the community suffers."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2006/jul/07/marketingandpr.drink |title=The real sting: how plot to betray Coke fell flat after Pepsi called in FBI |work=The Guardian |last=Clark |first=Andrew |date=July 7, 2006 |access-date=March 11, 2025}}</ref>

===Use of stimulants in formula===
{{anchor|Coca_–_cocaine}}
[[File:Pembertoncokeanzeige.jpg|thumb|An early Coca-Cola advertisement]]

When launched, Coca-Cola's two key ingredients were [[cocaine]] and [[caffeine]]. The cocaine was derived from the [[coca]] leaf and the caffeine from [[kola nut]] (also spelled "cola nut" at the time), leading to the name Coca-Cola.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pponline.co.uk/encyc/0204.htm |title=Coca-cola |publisher=Pponline.co.uk |access-date=March 13, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091115102804/http://www.pponline.co.uk/encyc/0204.htm |archive-date=November 15, 2009 }}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |url=http://inventors.about.com/od/cstartinventions/a/coca_cola.htm |title=The History of Coca-Cola |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090315195846/http://inventors.about.com/od/cstartinventions/a/coca_cola.htm |archive-date=March 15, 2009 |url-status=dead |access-date=January 23, 2007 }}</ref>

====Coca leaf ====
Pemberton called for five [[ounce]]s of coca leaf per gallon of syrup (approximately 37&nbsp;g/L), a significant dose; in 1891, Candler claimed his formula (altered extensively from Pemberton's original) contained only a tenth of this amount. Coca-Cola once contained an estimated nine milligrams of cocaine per glass. (For comparison, a typical dose or "line" of cocaine is 50–75&nbsp;mg.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thegooddrugsguide.com/cocaine/faq.htm|title=Cocaine Facts - How to Tell Use of Cocaine - Questions, Myths, Truth|website=thegooddrugsguide.com|access-date=June 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006104725/http://www.thegooddrugsguide.com/cocaine/faq.htm|archive-date=October 6, 2008|url-status=live}}</ref>) In 1903, the fresh coca leaves were removed from the formula.<ref>Liebowitz, Michael, R. (1983). ''The Chemistry of Love''. Boston: Little, Brown, & Co.</ref>

After 1904, instead of using fresh leaves, Coca-Cola started using "spent" leaves&nbsp;– the leftovers of the cocaine-extraction process with trace levels of cocaine.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a2_033.html |title=Is it true Coca-Cola once contained cocaine? |access-date=February 27, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070221114907/http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a2_033.html |archive-date=February 21, 2007 |url-status=dead |date=June 14, 1985}}</ref> Since then (by 1929<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archives.drugabuse.gov/blog/post/coca-colas-scandalous-past|title=Coca-Cola's Scandalous Past|date=March 1, 2012|access-date=March 29, 2022|archive-date=March 24, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324032927/https://archives.drugabuse.gov/blog/post/coca-colas-scandalous-past|url-status=dead}}</ref>), Coca-Cola has used a cocaine-free coca leaf extract. Today, that extract is prepared at a [[Stepan Company]] plant in [[Maywood, New Jersey]], the only manufacturing plant authorized by the federal government to import and process coca leaves, which it obtains from Peru and Bolivia.<ref name="mayclifford">{{cite news|last=May|first=Clifford D.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/07/01/business/how-coca-cola-obtains-its-coca.html|title=How Coca-Cola Obtains Its Coca|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=July 1, 1988|access-date=April 11, 2008|quote=A Stepan laboratory in Maywood, N.J., is the nation's only legal commercial importer of coca leaves, which it obtains mainly from Peru and, to a lesser extent, Bolivia. Besides producing the coca flavoring agent sold to The Coca-Cola Company, Stepan extracts cocaine from the coca leaves, which it sells to [[Mallinckrodt]] Inc., a St. Louis pharmaceutical manufacturer that is the only company in the United States licensed to purify the product for medicinal use|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420232528/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/07/01/business/how-coca-cola-obtains-its-coca.html|archive-date=April 20, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Stepan Company extracts cocaine from the coca leaves, which it then sells to [[Mallinckrodt]], the only company in the United States licensed to purify cocaine for [[Cocaine#Medical|medicinal use]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Drew |last=Benson |title=Coca kick in drinks spurs export fears |url=http://www.mindfully.org/Food/2004/Kdrink-Coca-Drink19apr04.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120530045600/http://www.mindfully.org/Food/2004/Kdrink-Coca-Drink19apr04.htm |archive-date=May 30, 2012 }}</ref>

Long after the syrup had ceased to contain any significant amount of cocaine, in [[North Carolina]] "dope" remained a common colloquialism for Coca-Cola, and "dope-wagons" were trucks that transported it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ncpedia.org/dope-wagons|title=Dope Wagons|work=ncpedia.org|access-date=June 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202113220/https://ncpedia.org/dope-wagons|archive-date=February 2, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Kola nuts for caffeine====
The kola nut acts as a flavoring and the original source of caffeine in Coca-Cola. It contains about 2.0 to 3.5% caffeine, and has a bitter flavor.

In 1911, the US government sued in ''[[United States v. Forty Barrels and Twenty Kegs of Coca-Cola]]'', hoping to force the Coca-Cola Company to remove caffeine from its formula. The court found that the syrup, when diluted as directed, would result in a beverage containing 1.21 [[Grain (unit)|grains]] (or 78.4&nbsp;mg) of caffeine per {{convert|8|USfloz|ml}} serving.<ref>{{caselaw source
 | case = ''United States v. Forty Barrels & Twenty Kegs of Coca-Cola'', {{ussc|241|265|1916|el=no}}
 | courtlistener =https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/98742/united-states-v-coca-cola-co-of-atlanta/
 | findlaw = https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/241/265.html
 | justia =https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/241/265/
 | loc =http://cdn.loc.gov/service/ll/usrep/usrep241/usrep241265/usrep241265.pdf
 }}</ref> The case was decided in favor of the Coca-Cola Company at the district court, but subsequently in 1912, the US [[Pure Food and Drug Act]] was amended, adding caffeine to the list of "habit-forming" and "deleterious" substances which must be listed on a product's label. In 1913 the case was appealed to the [[Sixth Circuit]] in Cincinnati, where the ruling was affirmed, but then appealed again in 1916 to the Supreme Court, where the government effectively won as a new trial was ordered. The company then voluntarily reduced the amount of caffeine in its product, and offered to pay the government's legal costs to settle and avoid further litigation.

Coca-Cola contains 46&nbsp;mg of caffeine per 12 US fluid ounces (or 30.7&nbsp;mg per {{convert|8|USfloz|ml}} serving).<ref name= "Caff">{{cite book| author = Gene A. Spiller| title = Caffeine |chapter=Appendix 1: Caffein Content of Some Cola Beverages| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=WxmBmvhsoZ8C&q=caffeine+coca+cola&pg=PA363| year = 1998| publisher = CRC| isbn = 978-0-8493-2647-9| access-date = October 17, 2020| archive-date = April 23, 2023| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230423112347/https://books.google.com/books?id=WxmBmvhsoZ8C&q=caffeine+coca+cola&pg=PA363| url-status = live}}</ref>

===Franchised production model===
The production and distribution of Coca-Cola follows a franchising model. The Coca-Cola Company only produces a syrup concentrate, which it sells to bottlers throughout the world, who hold Coca-Cola franchises for one or more geographical areas. The bottlers produce the final drink by mixing the syrup with filtered water and sweeteners, putting the mixture into cans and bottles, and carbonating it, which the bottlers then sell and distribute to retail stores, vending machines, restaurants, and foodservice distributors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/ourcompany/aboutbottling.html |title=Offices & Bottling Plants |access-date=January 7, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070216144908/http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/ourcompany/aboutbottling.html |archive-date=February 16, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The Coca-Cola Company owns minority shares in some of its largest franchises, such as [[Coca-Cola Enterprises]], [[Coca-Cola Amatil]], [[Coca-Cola Hellenic Bottling Company]], and [[Coca-Cola FEMSA]], as well as some smaller ones, such as [[Coca-Cola Bottlers Uzbekistan]], but fully independent bottlers produce almost half of the volume sold in the world.
Independent bottlers are allowed to sweeten the drink according to local tastes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cokecce.com/pages/allContent.asp?page_id=84#q1 |title=What Is the Difference Between Coca-Cola Enterprises and the Coca-Cola Company |access-date=December 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021100615/http://cokecce.com/pages/allContent.asp?page_id=84 |archive-date=October 21, 2012}}</ref>