Editing Cluj-Napoca (section)

===16th–18th centuries===

[[File:Josephinische Landaufnahme pg083.jpg|right|Clausenburg in the Grand Duchy of Transylvania maps, 1769–1773. Josephinische Landesaufnahme|300px|thumb]]

In terms of religion, [[Protestant Reformation|Protestant]] ideas first appeared in the middle of the 16th century. During [[Gáspár Heltai]]'s service as preacher, [[Lutheranism]] grew in importance, as did the Swiss doctrine of [[Calvinism]].<ref name="Lazarovici et al-9">Lazarovici et al. 1997, p. 205 (6.3 Medieval Cluj)</ref> By 1571, the [[Turda]] (''Torda'') [[Transylvanian Diet|Diet]] had adopted a more radical religion, [[Ferenc Dávid]]'s [[Unitarianism]], characterised by the free interpretation of the Bible and denial of the dogma of the [[Trinity]].<ref name="Lazarovici et al-9"/> [[Stephen Báthory of Poland|Stephen Báthory]] founded a Catholic [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] academy in the city in order to promote an anti-Reform movement; however, it did not have much success.<ref name="Lazarovici et al-9"/> For a year, in 1600–1601, Cluj became part of the [[personal union]] of [[Michael the Brave]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Martâniuc |first=Cristina |title=Probleme actuale ale calității de subiect de drept internațional public contemporan |url=http://www.cnaa.acad.md/files/theses/2007/5770/cristina_martiniuc_thesis.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070108120718/http://www.cnaa.acad.md/files/theses/2007/5770/cristina_martiniuc_thesis.pdf |archive-date=8 January 2007 |access-date=2008-03-17 |publisher=CNAA (Republic of Moldova) |language=ro |quote=În istoria poporului român, o uniune personală a fost creată în anul 1600 prin unirea politică a celor trei țări Românești – Transilvania, Moldova și Țara Românească – sub un singur domnitor: Mihai Vodă Viteazul (In the history of the Romanian people, a personal union was created in 1600 with the political union of the three Romanian countries – Transylvania, Moldova and Wallachia – under a single ruler: Michael the Brave)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ciorănescu |first=George |url=http://www.osa.ceu.hu/files/holdings/300/8/3/pdf/52-4-102.pdf |title=Michael the Brave – Evaluations and Revaluations of the Walachian Prince |date=1 September 1976 |publisher=Radio Free Europe Research: RAD Background Report/191 |access-date=2008-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408202135/http://www.osa.ceu.hu/files/holdings/300/8/3/pdf/52-4-102.pdf |archive-date=8 April 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Under the [[Treaty of Carlowitz]] in 1699, it became part of the [[Habsburg monarchy]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2008 |title=Treaty of Carlowitz |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9020364/Treaty-of-Carlowitz |access-date=2008-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080619174458/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9020364/Treaty-of-Carlowitz |archive-date=19 June 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In the 17th century, Cluj suffered from great calamities, suffering from epidemics of the [[Plague (disease)|plague]] and devastating fires.<ref name="Lazarovici et al-9"/> The end of this century brought the end of Turkish sovereignty, but found the city bereft of much of its wealth, municipal freedom, cultural centrality, political significance and even population.<ref name="Brubaker et al">Brubaker et al. 2006, p.91</ref> It gradually regained its important position within Transylvania as the headquarters of the Gubernium and the Diets between 1719 and 1732, and again from 1790 until the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1848|revolution of 1848]], when the Gubernium moved to Nagyszeben ([[Sibiu|Hermannstadt]]), present-day Sibiu).<ref>Lazarovici et al. 1997, pp.42,44,68 (3.1 De la Napoca romană la Clujul medieval; 4.1 Centru al mișcării naționale)</ref> In 1791, a group of [[Romanians|Romanian]] intellectuals drew up a petition, known as ''[[Supplex Libellus Valachorum]]'', which was sent to the Emperor in Vienna. The petition demanded the equality of the Romanian nation in Transylvania in respect to the other nations (Saxon, Szekler and Hungarian) governed by the ''[[Unio Trium Nationum]]'', but it was rejected by the Diet of Cluj.<ref name="Lazarovici et al-9"/>