Editing Chocolate milk (section)

==Studies and research==

A number of studies have been issued in regard to chocolate milk nutrition. A 2005 study by the [[New York City Department of Education]] found that by removing whole milk and replacing it with low-fat or fat-free chocolate milk, students were served an estimated 5,960 fewer calories and 619 fewer grams of fat per year.<ref name="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">
{{cite journal | author=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | title= Effects of Switching from Whole to Low-Fat/Fat-Free Milk in Public Schools| journal=Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report | year=2010 | pages=70–73 | volume=59 | issue=3 | pmid=20110934}}</ref> However, more recent studies show that fat-free and low-fat milk may actually increase body fat and contribute to obesity. [[Whole milk]] may in fact be healthier for obese children than low-fat or non-fat milk.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Sifferlin |first=Alexandra |url=https://healthland.time.com/2013/03/19/skim-milk-may-not-lower-obesity-risk-among-children/ |title=Skim Milk May Not Lower Obesity Risk Among Children |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=19 March 2013 |access-date=24 July 2014}}</ref>

An April 2007 study from [[Loughborough University]] indicated that low-fat milk was an effective rehydration drink.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Milk as an effective post-exercise rehydration drink |journal=British Journal of Nutrition |volume=98 |issue=1 |year=2007 |first1= Susan M. |last1=Shirreffs |first2=Phillip |last2=Watson |first3=Ronald J. |last3=Maughan |pages=173–180 |doi=10.1017/S0007114507695543|pmid=17459189 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

A November 2009 study conducted by scientists in [[Barcelona]], Spain, suggests that regularly consuming [[skimmed milk]] with cocoa rich in [[flavonoids]] may reduce [[inflammation]] and slow or prevent the development of [[atherosclerosis]]. The study notes that its effects are not as pronounced as seen in consumption of [[red wine]].<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/10/health/research/10nutr.html?em "Vital Signs – Study Suggests Skim Milk with Cocoa May Reduce Inflammation"]. ''The New York Times''. 9 November 2009.</ref> However, in a single serving of cocoa, other researchers found 611 milligrams of [[gallic acid]] equivalents (GAE) and 564 milligrams of [[epicatechin]] equivalents (ECE), compared with 340 milligrams of GAE and 163 milligrams of ECE in red wine, and 165 milligrams of GAE and 47 milligrams of ECE in green tea.<ref name="antioxidants">{{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=KW |last2=Kim |first2=YJ |last3=Lee |first3=HJ |last4=Lee |first4=CY |title=Cocoa has more [[phenolic phytochemicals]] and a higher antioxidant capacity than teas and red wine. |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |date=3 December 2003 |volume=51 |issue=25 |pages=7292–5 |doi=10.1021/jf0344385 |pmid=14640573}}</ref>

A study published in 2009 compared chocolate milk to a commercial recovery beverage (matched for carbohydrate and protein content) administered to cyclists after intense workouts. The researchers found no difference in post-workout plasma [[creatine kinase]] levels and muscle soreness, nor in cycling time to exhaustion. However, since chocolate milk is usually less expensive than commercial recovery beverages, the researchers concluded that chocolate milk "serves as a more convenient, cheaper&nbsp;... recovery beverage option for many athletes".<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism |year=2009 |volume=34 |issue=6 |pages=1017–22 |doi=10.1139/H09-104 |title=Acute effects of chocolate milk and a commercial recovery beverage on postexercise recovery indices and endurance cycling performance |vauthors=Pritchett K, Bishop P, Pritchett R, Green M, Katica C |pmid=20029509}}</ref>

A May 2010 sports nutrition study concluded that "exercise recovery during short-term periods of heavy soccer training appears to be similar when isocaloric CM (Chocolate Milk) and CHO (Carbohydrate) beverages are consumed post-exercise".<ref>{{cite journal |title=Effects of chocolate milk consumption on markers of muscle recovery following soccer training: a randomized cross-over study |vauthors=Gilson SF, Saunders MJ, Moran CW |display-authors=etal |journal=Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition |year=2010 |volume=7 |issue=19 |pages=19 |doi=10.1186/1550-2783-7-19|pmid=20482784 |pmc=2887392 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Yet another study in 2011 at [[Kean University]] in [[New Jersey]] concluded similar results in male soccer players, discovering that there was an increase in time to fatigue when chocolate milk was consumed. The Kean University study also viewed chocolate milk's effects on female soccer players undergoing morning and afternoon practices during preseason. They were either given the carbohydrate-electrolyte beverage or chocolate milk between morning and afternoon preseason practices. Following every afternoon practice, each athlete completed a shuttle run to fatigue. The study concluded that chocolate milk is just as beneficial as the carbohydrate-electrolyte beverage in promoting recovery in women.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Spaccarotella|first=Kim J|author2=Walter D Andzel|title=The Effects of Low Fat Chocolate Milk on Postexercise Recovery in Collegiate Athletes|journal=Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research|date=December 2011|volume=25|issue=12|pages=3456–3560|doi=10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182163071|pmid=22080318|s2cid=207503813}}</ref>

===Calcium oxalate production===
Chocolate has [[oxalic acid]], which reacts with the [[calcium]] in the milk producing [[calcium oxalate]], thus preventing the calcium from being absorbed in the intestine. However, it is present in small enough amounts that the effect on calcium absorption is negligible (2–3%).<ref>{{cite web |last=Gilbert |first=Sue |url=http://parenting.ivillage.com/tp/tpnutrition/0,,3vpm,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050901001826/http://parenting.ivillage.com/tp/tpnutrition/0,,3vpm,00.html |archive-date=1 September 2005 |title=Does putting chocolate in milk decrease calcium absorption? |website=iVillage.com}}</ref> As chocolate contains relatively small amounts of oxalate, it is unclear to what extent chocolate consumption affects healthy people with calcium-rich diets. 

In a 2008 study, participants who consumed one or more servings of chocolate on a daily basis had lower bone density and strength than those participants who ate a serving of chocolate six times a week or less. Researchers believe this may be due to oxalate inhibiting calcium absorption – but it could also be due to sugar content in chocolate, which may increase calcium excretion. It is clear, however, that consuming foods high in oxalate – and in turn their effect on calcium absorption – is a more significant concern for people with oxalate [[kidney stones]], which occur when there is too much oxalate in the [[urine]]. These people especially should reduce their oxalate intake and increase their calcium intake.<ref>Katherine Zeratsky, [http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/calcium/AN01294 "Chocolate: Does it impair calcium absorption?"], mayoclinic.com</ref> However, the high [[magnesium]] content in chocolate is likely to reduce the risk of stone formation, because like [[citrate]], magnesium is also an inhibitor of urinary crystal formation.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Johri|first=N.|author2=Cooper, B.|author3=Robertson, W.|author4=Choong, S.|author5=Rickards, D.|author6=Unwin, R.|title=An update and practical guide to renal stone management|journal=Nephron Clinical Practice|volume=116|issue=3|pages=c159–71|year=2010|pmid=20606476|doi=10.1159/000317196|url=https://www.karger.com/Article/PDF/000317196|doi-access=free}}</ref>