Editing Chiropractic (section)

=== Effectiveness ===
Numerous controlled clinical studies of treatments used by chiropractors have been conducted, with varied results.<ref name=Ernst-eval/>  There is no conclusive evidence that chiropractic manipulative treatment is effective for the treatment of any medical condition, except perhaps for certain kinds of back pain.<ref name=Ernst-eval /><ref name=Posadzki-Ernst/>

Generally, the research carried out into the effectiveness of chiropractic has been of poor quality.<ref name=Ernst-Canter>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ernst E, Canter PH | title = A systematic review of systematic reviews of spinal manipulation | journal = Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine| volume = 99 | issue = 4 | pages = 192–96 | date = April 2006 | pmid = 16574972 | pmc = 1420782 | doi = 10.1177/014107680609900418}}
*{{cite news |date=March 22, 2006 |title=Back treatment 'has few benefits' |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4824594.stm}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Johnston BC, da Costa BR, Devereaux PJ, Akl EA, Busse JW | title = The use of expertise-based randomized controlled trials to assess spinal manipulation and acupuncture for low back pain: a systematic review | journal = Spine| volume = 33 | issue = 8 | pages = 914–18 | date = April 2008 | pmid = 18404113 | doi = 10.1097/BRS.0b013e31816b4be4| s2cid = 28092478 }}</ref>  Research published by chiropractors is distinctly biased: reviews of SM for back pain tended to find positive conclusions when authored by  chiropractors, while reviews by mainstream authors did not.<ref name=Ernst-eval/>

There is a wide range of ways to measure treatment outcomes.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Khorsan R, Coulter ID, Hawk C, Choate CG | title = Measures in chiropractic research: choosing patient-based outcome assessments | journal = Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics| volume = 31 | issue = 5 | pages = 355–75 | date = June 2008 | pmid = 18558278 | doi = 10.1016/j.jmpt.2008.04.007 }}</ref> Chiropractic care benefits from the [[placebo response]],<ref>{{cite journal | author = Kaptchuk TJ | title = The placebo effect in alternative medicine: can the performance of a healing ritual have clinical significance? | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine| volume = 136 | issue = 11 | pages = 817–25 | date = June 2002 | pmid = 12044130 | doi = 10.7326/0003-4819-136-11-200206040-00011 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.694.4848 | s2cid = 207535762 }}</ref> but it is difficult to construct a trustworthy placebo for clinical trials of spinal manipulative therapy (SMT).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hancock MJ, Maher CG, Latimer J, McAuley JH | title = Selecting an appropriate placebo for a trial of spinal manipulative therapy | journal = Australian Journal of Physiotherapy| volume = 52 | issue = 2 | pages = 135–38 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16764551 | doi = 10.1016/S0004-9514(06)70049-6 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The efficacy of maintenance care in chiropractic is unknown.<ref name=Leboeuf-Yde-C/>

Available evidence covers the following conditions:
* '''[[Low back pain]]'''. A 2013 [[Cochrane review]] found very low to moderate evidence that SMT was no more effective than inert interventions, sham SMT or as an adjunct therapy for acute low back pain.<ref name=Cochrane-2013>{{cite journal |vauthors=Rubinstein SM, Terwee CB, Assendelft WJ, de Boer MR, van Tulder MW | title = Spinal manipulative therapy for acute low back pain: an update of the cochrane review | journal = Spine| volume = 38 | issue = 3 | pages = E158–77 | date = February 2013 | pmid = 23169072 | doi = 10.1097/BRS.0b013e31827dd89d | type = Systematic Review | hdl = 2066/109576 | s2cid = 28795577 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> The same review found that SMT appears to be no better than other recommended therapies.<ref name=Cochrane-2013/> A 2012 overview of systematic reviews found that collectively, SM failed to show it is an effective intervention for pain.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Posadzki P | title = Is spinal manipulation effective for pain? An overview of systematic reviews | journal = Pain Medicine| volume = 13 | issue = 6 | pages = 754–61 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22621391 | doi = 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2012.01397.x | doi-access = free }}</ref> A 2011 Cochrane review found strong evidence that suggests there is no clinically meaningful difference between SMT and other treatments for reducing pain and improving function for chronic low back pain.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Rubinstein SM, van Middelkoop M, Assendelft WJ, de Boer MR, van Tulder MW | title = Spinal manipulative therapy for chronic low-back pain: an update of a Cochrane review | journal = Spine| volume = 36 | issue = 13 | pages = E825–46 | date = June 2011 | pmid = 21593658 | doi = 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3182197fe1 | type = Systematic review | hdl = 1887/117578 | s2cid = 5061433 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> A 2010 Cochrane review found no difference between the effects of combined chiropractic treatments and other treatments for chronic or mixed duration low back pain.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Walker BF, French SD, Grant W, Green S | title = Combined chiropractic interventions for low-back pain | journal = Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews| issue = 4 | page = CD005427 | year = 2010 | volume = 2010 | pmid = 20393942 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD005427.pub2 | pmc = 6984631 | editor1-last = Walker | editor1-first = Bruce F }}</ref> A 2010 systematic review found that most studies suggest SMT achieves equivalent or superior improvement in pain and function when compared with other commonly used interventions for short, intermediate, and long-term follow-up.<ref name=Dagenais-2010>{{cite journal |vauthors=Dagenais S, Gay RE, Tricco AC, Freeman MD, Mayer JM | title = NASS Contemporary Concepts in Spine Care: spinal manipulation therapy for acute low back pain | journal = The Spine Journal| volume = 10 | issue = 10 | pages = 918–40 | date = October 2010 | pmid = 20869008 | doi = 10.1016/j.spinee.2010.07.389 }}</ref> 
* '''[[Radiculopathy]]'''. A 2013 systematic review and meta-analysis found a statistically significant improvement in overall recovery from sciatica following SM, when compared to usual care, and suggested that SM may be considered.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lewis RA, Williams NH, Sutton AJ, Burton K, Din NU, Matar HE, Hendry M, Phillips CJ, Nafees S, Fitzsimmons D, Rickard I, Wilkinson C | title = Comparative clinical effectiveness of management strategies for sciatica: systematic review and network meta-analyses | journal = The Spine Journal| volume =15  | issue =   6|pages=1461–77| year = 2013 | doi = 10.1016/j.spinee.2013.08.049| pmid = 24412033| url = http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/19023/3/Manuscript_-_sciatica_MTC_paper_%252820130628%2529.pdf }}</ref> There is moderate quality evidence to support the use of SM for the treatment of acute [[Sciatica|lumbar radiculopathy]]<ref name=Leininger2011>{{cite journal |vauthors=Leininger B, Bronfort G, Evans R, Reiter T | title = Spinal manipulation or mobilization for radiculopathy: a systematic review | journal = Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America| volume = 22 | issue = 1 | pages = 105–25 | date = February 2011 | pmid = 21292148 | doi = 10.1016/j.pmr.2010.11.002 }}</ref> and acute lumbar [[disc herniation]] with associated radiculopathy.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hahne AJ, Ford JJ, McMeeken JM | title = Conservative management of lumbar disc herniation with associated radiculopathy: a systematic review | journal = Spine| volume = 35 | issue = 11 | pages = E488–504 | date = May 2010 | pmid = 20421859 | doi = 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181cc3f56 | s2cid = 19121111 | url = https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/Conservative_management_of_lumbar_disc_herniation_with_associated_radiculopathy/21857094 }}</ref> There is low or very low evidence supporting SM for chronic lumbar spine-related extremity symptoms and cervical spine-related extremity symptoms of any duration and no evidence exists for the treatment of thoracic radiculopathy.<ref name=Leininger2011 />
* '''[[Whiplash (medicine)|Whiplash]] and other [[neck pain]]'''. There is no consensus on the effectiveness of manual therapies for [[neck pain]].<ref name=Vernon>{{cite journal |vauthors=Vernon H, Humphreys BK | title = Manual therapy for neck pain: an overview of randomized clinical trials and systematic reviews | journal = Europa Medicophysica| volume = 43 | issue = 1 | pages = 91–118 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17369783 | url = http://www.minervamedica.it/en/getfreepdf.php?cod=R33Y2007N01A0091 | format = PDF }}</ref> A 2013 systematic review found that the data suggests that there are minimal short- and long-term treatment differences when comparing manipulation or mobilization of the cervical spine to physical therapy or exercise for neck pain improvement.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Schroeder J, Kaplan L, Fischer DJ, Skelly AC | title = The Outcomes of Manipulation or Mobilization Therapy Compared with Physical Therapy or Exercise for Neck Pain: A Systematic Review | journal = Evidence-Based Spine-Care Journal| volume = 4 | issue = 1 | pages = 30–41 | year = 2013 | pmid = 24436697 | pmc = 3699243 | doi = 10.1055/s-0033-1341605 }}</ref> A 2013 systematic review found that although there is insufficient evidence that thoracic SM is more effective than other treatments, it is a suitable intervention to treat some patients with non-specific neck pain.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Huisman PA, Speksnijder CM, de Wijer A | title = The effect of thoracic spine manipulation on pain and disability in patients with non-specific neck pain: a systematic review | journal = Disability and Rehabilitation| volume = 35| issue = 20| pages = 1677–85 | date = January 2013 | pmid = 23339721 | doi = 10.3109/09638288.2012.750689 | s2cid = 12159586 }}</ref> A 2011 systematic review found that thoracic SM may offer short-term improvement for the treatment of acute or subacute mechanical neck pain; although the body of literature is still weak.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Cross KM, Kuenze C, Grindstaff TL, Hertel J | title = Thoracic spine thrust manipulation improves pain, range of motion, and self-reported function in patients with mechanical neck pain: a systematic review | journal = Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy| volume = 41 | issue = 9 | pages = 633–42 | date = September 2011 | pmid = 21885904 | doi = 10.2519/jospt.2011.3670 | doi-access = free }}</ref> A 2010 Cochrane review found low quality evidence that suggests cervical manipulation may offer better short-term pain relief than a control for neck pain, and moderate evidence that cervical manipulation and mobilization produced similar effects on pain, function and patient satisfaction.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gross A, Miller J, D'Sylva J, Burnie SJ, Goldsmith CH, Graham N, Haines T, Brønfort G, Hoving JL | title = Manipulation or mobilisation for neck pain: a Cochrane Review | journal = Manual Therapy| volume = 15 | issue = 4 | pages = 315–33 | date = August 2010 | pmid = 20510644 | doi = 10.1016/j.math.2010.04.002 }}</ref> A 2010 systematic review found low level evidence that suggests chiropractic care improves cervical range of motion and pain in the management of whiplash.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Shaw L, Descarreaux M, Bryans R, Duranleau M, Marcoux H, Potter B, Ruegg R, Watkin R, White E | title = A systematic review of chiropractic management of adults with Whiplash-Associated Disorders: recommendations for advancing evidence-based practice and research | journal = Work| volume = 35 | issue = 3 | pages = 369–94 | year = 2010 | pmid = 20364057 | doi = 10.3233/WOR-2010-0996 }}</ref>
* '''Headache'''. There is conflicting evidence surrounding the use of chiropractic SMT for the treatment and prevention of [[migraine headache]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Chaibi A, Tuchin PJ, Russell MB | title = Manual therapies for migraine: a systematic review | journal = [[The Journal of Headache and Pain]]| volume = 12 | issue = 2 | pages = 127–33 | date = April 2011 | pmid = 21298314 | pmc = 3072494 | doi = 10.1007/s10194-011-0296-6 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Posadzki P, Ernst E | title = Spinal manipulations for the treatment of migraine: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials | journal = Cephalalgia| volume = 31 | issue = 8 | pages = 964–70 | date = June 2011 | pmid = 21511952 | doi = 10.1177/0333102411405226 | s2cid = 31205541 | doi-access = free }}</ref> A 2006 review found no rigorous evidence supporting SM or other manual therapies for [[tension headache]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Fernández-de-Las-Peñas C, Alonso-Blanco C, Cuadrado ML, Miangolarra JC, Barriga FJ, Pareja JA | title = Are manual therapies effective in reducing pain from tension-type headache?: a systematic review | journal = The Clinical Journal of Pain| volume = 22 | issue = 3 | pages = 278–85 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16514329 | doi = 10.1097/01.ajp.0000173017.64741.86 | s2cid = 23367185 }}</ref> A 2005 review found that the evidence was weak for effectiveness of chiropractic manipulation for tension headache, and that it was probably more effective for tension headache than for [[migraine]].<ref>{{cite journal | author = Biondi DM | title = Physical treatments for headache: a structured review | journal = Headache| volume = 45 | issue = 6 | pages = 738–46 | date = June 2005 | pmid = 15953306 | doi = 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2005.05141.x | s2cid = 42640492 }}</ref>
* '''Extremity conditions'''. A 2011 systematic review and meta-analysis concluded that the addition of manual mobilizations to an exercise program for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis resulted in better pain relief than a supervised exercise program alone and suggested that manual therapists consider adding manual mobilization to optimize supervised active exercise programs.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Jansen MJ, Viechtbauer W, Lenssen AF, Hendriks EJ, de Bie RA | title = Strength training alone, exercise therapy alone, and exercise therapy with passive manual mobilisation each reduce pain and disability in people with knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review | journal = Journal of Physiotherapy| volume = 57 | issue = 1 | pages = 11–20 | year = 2011 | pmid = 21402325 | doi = 10.1016/S1836-9553(11)70002-9 | doi-access = free }}</ref> There is silver level evidence that manual therapy is more effective than exercise for the treatment of hip osteoarthritis, however this evidence could be considered to be inconclusive.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=French HP, Brennan A, White B, Cusack T | title = Manual therapy for osteoarthritis of the hip or knee - a systematic review | journal = Manual Therapy| volume = 16 | issue = 2 | pages = 109–17 | date = April 2011 | pmid = 21146444 | doi = 10.1016/j.math.2010.10.011 }}</ref> There is a small amount of research into the efficacy of chiropractic treatment for [[upper limb]]s,<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=McHardy A, Hoskins W, Pollard H, Onley R, Windsham R | title = Chiropractic treatment of upper extremity conditions: a systematic review | journal = Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics| volume = 31 | issue = 2 | pages = 146–59 | date = February 2008 | pmid = 18328941 | doi = 10.1016/j.jmpt.2007.12.004 }}</ref> limited to low level evidence supporting chiropractic management of [[shoulder pain]]<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Pribicevic M, Pollard H, Bonello R, de Luca K | title = A systematic review of manipulative therapy for the treatment of shoulder pain | journal = Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics| volume = 33 | issue = 9 | pages = 679–89 | year = 2010 | pmid = 21109059 | doi = 10.1016/j.jmpt.2010.08.019 }}</ref> and limited or fair evidence supporting chiropractic management of leg conditions.<ref name=BrantinghamBonnefin2012>{{cite journal|last1=Brantingham|first1=James W.|last2=Bonnefin|first2=Debra|last3=Perle|first3=Stephen M.|last4=Cassa|first4=Tammy Kay|last5=Globe|first5=Gary|last6=Pribicevic|first6=Mario|last7=Hicks|first7=Marian|last8=Korporaal|first8=Charmaine|title=Manipulative Therapy for Lower Extremity Conditions: Update of a Literature Review|journal=Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics|volume=35|issue=2|year=2012|pages=127–66|doi=10.1016/j.jmpt.2012.01.001|pmid=22325966}}</ref>
* '''Other'''. A 2012 systematic review found insufficient low bias evidence to support the use of spinal manipulation as a therapy for the treatment of hypertension.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Mangum K, Partna L, Vavrek D | title = Spinal manipulation for the treatment of hypertension: a systematic qualitative literature review | journal = Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics| volume = 35 | issue = 3 | pages = 235–43 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22341795 | doi = 10.1016/j.jmpt.2012.01.005 }}</ref> A 2011 systematic review found moderate evidence to support the use of manual therapy for cervicogenic dizziness.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lystad RP, Bell G, Bonnevie-Svendsen M, Carter CV | title = Manual therapy with and without vestibular rehabilitation for cervicogenic dizziness: a systematic review | journal = Chiropractic & Manual Therapies| volume = 19 | issue = 1 | page = 21 | year = 2011 | pmid = 21923933 | pmc = 3182131 | doi = 10.1186/2045-709X-19-21 | doi-access = free }}</ref> There is very weak evidence for chiropractic care for adult [[scoliosis]] (curved or rotated spine)<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Everett CR, Patel RK | title = A systematic literature review of nonsurgical treatment in adult scoliosis | journal = Spine| volume = 32 | issue = 19 Suppl | pages = S130–34 | date = September 2007 | pmid = 17728680 | doi = 10.1097/BRS.0b013e318134ea88 | s2cid = 9339782 | doi-access = free }}</ref> and no scientific data for [[idiopathic]] adolescent scoliosis.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Romano M, Negrini S | title = Manual therapy as a conservative treatment for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a systematic review | journal = Scoliosis| volume = 3 | page = 2 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18211702 | pmc = 2262872 | doi = 10.1186/1748-7161-3-2 | doi-access = free }}</ref> A 2007 systematic review found that few studies of chiropractic care for nonmusculoskeletal conditions are available, and they are typically not of high quality; it also found that the entire clinical encounter of chiropractic care (as opposed to just SM) provides benefit to patients with cervicogenic dizziness, and that the evidence from reviews is negative, or too weak to draw conclusions, for a wide variety of other nonmusculoskeletal conditions, including [[ADHD]]/[[learning disabilities]], [[dizziness]], [[high blood pressure]], and [[Visual perception|vision]] conditions.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hawk C, Khorsan R, Lisi AJ, Ferrance RJ, Evans MW | title = Chiropractic care for nonmusculoskeletal conditions: a systematic review with implications for whole systems research | journal = The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine| volume = 13 | issue = 5 | pages = 491–512 | date = June 2007 | pmid = 17604553 | doi = 10.1089/acm.2007.7088 }}</ref> Other reviews have found no evidence of significant benefit for [[asthma]],<ref>{{cite journal | author = Ernst E | title = Spinal manipulation for asthma: a systematic review of randomised clinical trials | journal = Respiratory Medicine| volume = 103 | issue = 12 | pages = 1791–95 | date = December 2009 | pmid = 19646855 | doi = 10.1016/j.rmed.2009.06.017 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hondras MA, Linde K, Jones AP | title = Manual therapy for asthma | journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews| issue = 2 | page = CD001002 | year = 2005 | pmid = 15846609 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD001002.pub2}}</ref> [[baby colic]],<ref name=Gotlib>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gotlib A, Rupert R | title = Chiropractic manipulation in pediatric health conditions--an updated systematic review | journal = Chiropractic & Osteopathy| volume = 16 | page = 11 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18789139 | pmc = 2553791 | doi = 10.1186/1746-1340-16-11 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>Baby colic:
* {{cite journal | author = Ernst E | title = Chiropractic spinal manipulation for infant colic: a systematic review of randomised clinical trials | journal = International Journal of Clinical Practice| volume = 63 | issue = 9 | pages = 1351–53 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19691620 | doi = 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2009.02133.x | s2cid = 36131261 | doi-access = free }}
* {{cite book|vauthors=Husereau D, Clifford T, Aker P, Leduc D, Mensinkai S|title=Spinal Manipulation for Infantile Colic|isbn=978-1-894978-11-8|url=http://cadth.ca/media/pdf/177_spinal_manipulation_tr_e.pdf|access-date=2008-10-06|location=Ottawa|publisher=Canadian Coordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment|year=2003|series=Technology report no. 42|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217004845/http://cadth.ca/media/pdf/177_spinal_manipulation_tr_e.pdf|archive-date=2008-12-17}}</ref> [[bedwetting]],<ref name=HuangShu2011>{{cite journal |last1=Huang |first1=Tao |last2=Shu |first2=Xu |last3=Huang |first3=Yu Shan |last4=Cheuk |first4=Daniel KL |last5=Huang |first5=Tao |title=Complementary and miscellaneous interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children | journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|year=2011 |issue=12 |page=CD005230 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD005230.pub2 |pmid=22161390}}</ref> [[carpal tunnel syndrome]],<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=O'Connor D, Marshall S, Massy-Westropp N, Pitt V | title = Non-surgical treatment (other than steroid injection) for carpal tunnel syndrome | journal = Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews| issue = 1 | page = CD003219 | year = 2003 | volume = 2003 | pmid = 12535461 | pmc = 6486195 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD003219}}</ref> [[fibromyalgia]],<ref>Fibromyalgia:
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Sarac AJ, Gur A | title = Complementary and alternative medical therapies in fibromyalgia | journal = Current Pharmaceutical Design| volume = 12 | issue = 1 | pages = 47–57 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16454724 | doi = 10.2174/138161206775193262 }}
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Schneider M, Vernon H, Ko G, Lawson G, Perera J | title = Chiropractic management of fibromyalgia syndrome: a systematic review of the literature | journal = Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics| volume = 32 | issue = 1 | pages = 25–40 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19121462 | doi = 10.1016/j.jmpt.2008.08.012 | doi-access = free }}
* {{cite journal | author = Ernst E | title = Chiropractic treatment for fibromyalgia: a systematic review | journal = Clinical Rheumatology| volume = 28 | issue = 10 | pages = 1175–78 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19544042 | doi = 10.1007/s10067-009-1217-9 | s2cid = 25339207 }}
</ref> [[gastrointestinal disorders]],<ref>{{cite journal | author = Ernst E | title = Chiropractic treatment for gastrointestinal problems: A systematic review of clinical trials | journal = Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology| volume = 25 | issue = 1 | pages = 39–49 | year = 2011 | pmc = 3027333 | pmid = 21258667| doi = 10.1155/2011/910469 | doi-access = free }}</ref> kinetic imbalance due to [[Suboccipital muscles|suboccipital]] strain (KISS) in infants,<ref name=Gotlib /><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Brand PL, Engelbert RH, Helders PJ, Offringa M | title = [Systematic review of the effects of therapy in infants with the KISS-syndrome (kinetic imbalance due to suboccipital strain)] | language = nl | journal = Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde| volume = 149 | issue = 13 | pages = 703–07 | year = 2005 | pmid = 15819137 }}</ref> [[menstrual cramps]],<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Proctor ML, Hing W, Johnson TC, Murphy PA, Brown J | title = Spinal manipulation for primary and secondary dysmenorrhoea | journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews| volume = 3 | issue = 3 | page = CD002119 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16855988 | pmc = 6718213 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD002119.pub3}}</ref> [[insomnia]],<ref name=goto>{{Cite journal |last1=Goto |first1=Viviane |last2=Frange |first2=Cristina |last3=Andersen |first3=Monica L. |last4=Júnior |first4=José M. S. |last5=Tufik |first5=Sergio |last6=Hachul |first6=Helena |date=May 2014 |title=Chiropractic intervention in the treatment of postmenopausal climacteric symptoms and insomnia: A review  |journal=Maturitas|volume=78 |issue=1 |pages=3–7 |doi=10.1016/j.maturitas.2014.02.004 |pmid=24656717}}</ref> [[postmenopausal]] symptoms,<ref name=goto/> or [[pelvic girdle pain|pelvic and back pain during pregnancy]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Liddle|first1=Sarah D.|last2=Pennick|first2=Victoria|date=2015-09-30|title=Interventions for preventing and treating low-back and pelvic pain during pregnancy|journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=2015|issue=9|pages=CD001139|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001139.pub4|pmid=26422811|pmc=7053516}}</ref> As there is no evidence of effectiveness or safety for cervical manipulation for baby colic, it is not endorsed.<ref name=CamilleriPark2017>{{cite journal |vauthors=Camilleri M, Park SY, Scarpato E, Staiano A | title=Exploring hypotheses and rationale for causes of infantile colic | journal=Neurogastroenterology & Motility| year= 2017 | volume= 29 | issue= 2 | pages= e12943| doi=10.1111/nmo.12943 | pmc=5276723 | pmid=27647578 | type=Review }}</ref>