Editing China (section)

=== Yuan ===
[[File:Badaling China Great-Wall-of-China-01.jpg|China's first emperor, [[Qin Shi Huang]], is famed for having united the [[Warring States]]' walls to form the [[Great Wall of China]]. Most of the present structure dates to the [[Ming dynasty]].|thumb|upright=1.1]]
The [[Mongol conquest of China]] began in 1205 with the [[Mongol conquest of Western Xia|campaigns]] against [[Western Xia]] by [[Genghis Khan]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=May |first=Timothy |title=The Mongol Conquests in World History |date=2012 |publisher=Reaktion |isbn=978-1-8618-9971-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZRIt9sZaTREC 1211]}}</ref> who also [[Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty|invaded Jin territories]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Weatherford |first=Jack |title=Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World |title-link=Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World |date=2004 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-6098-0964-8 |page=95 |chapter=Tale of Three Rivers}}</ref> In 1271, the Mongol leader [[Kublai Khan]] established the [[Yuan dynasty]], which [[Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty|conquered the last remnant of the Song dynasty]] in 1279. Before the Mongol invasion, the population of Song China was 120 million citizens; this was reduced to 60 million by the time of the census in 1300.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ho |first=Ping-ti |author-link=He Bingdi |date=1970 |title=An Estimate of the Total Population of Sung-Chin China |journal=Études Song |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=33–53}}</ref> A peasant named Zhu Yuanzhang [[Red Turban Rebellions|overthrew the Yuan]] in 1368 and founded the [[Ming dynasty]] as the [[Hongwu Emperor]]. Under the Ming dynasty, China enjoyed another golden age, developing one of the strongest navies in the world and a rich and prosperous economy amid a flourishing of art and culture. It was during this period that admiral [[Zheng He]] led the [[Ming treasure voyages]] throughout the Indian Ocean, reaching as far as East Africa.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rice |first=Xan |date=25 July 2010 |title=Chinese archaeologists' African quest for sunken ship of Ming admiral |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/25/kenya-china |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227095720/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/25/kenya-china |archive-date=27 December 2016 |access-date=16 January 2020 |work=The Guardian}}</ref>

==== Ming ====
In the early Ming dynasty, China's capital was moved from [[Nanjing]] to Beijing. With the budding of capitalism, philosophers such as [[Wang Yangming]] critiqued and expanded Neo-Confucianism with concepts of [[individualism]] and equality of [[four occupations]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Wang Yangming (1472–1529) |encyclopedia=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |url=https://www.iep.utm.edu/wangyang/ |access-date=9 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109100108/http://www.iep.utm.edu/wangyang/ |archive-date=9 November 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[scholar-official]] stratum became a supporting force of industry and commerce in the tax boycott movements, which, together with the famines and defense against [[Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)]] and [[Later Jin (1616–1636)|Later Jin]] incursions led to an exhausted treasury.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.docin.com/p-378667223.html |date=8 April 2012 |script-title=zh:论明末士人阶层与资本主义萌芽的关系 |access-date=2 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909195232/http://www.docin.com/p-378667223.html |archive-date=9 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1644, Beijing was captured by a coalition of [[Late Ming peasant rebellions|peasant rebel]] forces led by [[Li Zicheng]]. The [[Chongzhen Emperor]] committed suicide when the city fell. The Manchu [[Qing dynasty]], then allied with Ming dynasty general [[Wu Sangui]], overthrew Li's short-lived [[Shun dynasty]] and subsequently seized control of Beijing, which became the new capital of the Qing dynasty.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Qing dynasty |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Qing-dynasty |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309212209/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Qing-dynasty |archive-date=9 March 2018 |access-date=10 November 2022 |website=Britannica}}</ref>

==== Qing ====
[[File:Qing Empire circa 1820 EN.svg|The [[Qing conquest of the Ming]] and expansion of the empire|thumb|upright=1.1]]
The Qing dynasty, which lasted from 1644 until 1912, was the last imperial dynasty of China. The [[Transition from Ming to Qing|Ming-Qing transition]] (1618–1683) cost 25 million lives, but the Qing appeared to have restored China's imperial power and inaugurated another flowering of the arts.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roberts |first=John M. |title=A Short History of the World |date=1997 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-1951-1504-X |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3QZXvUhGwhAC 272]}}</ref> After the [[Southern Ming]] ended, the further conquest of the [[Dzungar Khanate]] added Mongolia, Tibet and Xinjiang to the empire.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fletcher |first=Joseph |title=The Cambridge History of China |date=1978 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-1390-5477-5 |editor-last=John K. Fairbank |editor-link=John King Fairbank |volume=10, Part 1 |page=37 |chapter=Ch'ing Inner Asia c. 1800 |doi=10.1017/CHOL9780521214476.003}}</ref> Meanwhile, China's population growth resumed and shortly began to accelerate. It is commonly agreed that pre-modern China's population experienced two growth spurts, one during the [[Northern Song]] period (960–1127), and other during the Qing period (around 1700–1830).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Deng |first=Kent |url=https://eprints.lse.ac.uk/64492/1/WP219.pdf |title=China's Population Expansion and Its Causes during the Qing Period, 1644–1911 |year=2015 |pages=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309224404/https://eprints.lse.ac.uk/64492/1/WP219.pdf |archive-date=9 March 2024 |url-status=live |access-date=28 August 2023}}</ref> By the [[High Qing era]] China was possibly the most commercialized country in the world, and imperial China experienced a second commercial revolution by the end of the 18th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rowe |first=William |title=China's Last Empire – The Great Qing |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2010 |isbn=9780674054554 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=KN7Awmzx2PAC 123]}}</ref> On the other hand, the centralized autocracy was strengthened in part to suppress [[anti-Qing sentiment]] with the policy of valuing agriculture and restraining commerce, like the ''[[Haijin]]'' during the early Qing period and ideological control as represented by the [[literary inquisition]], causing some social and technological stagnation.<ref>{{Cite book |date=2010 |publisher=九州出版社 |isbn=978-7-5108-0062-7 |pages=104–112 |script-title=zh:中国通史·明清史}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |date=1996 |publisher=花城出版社 |isbn=978-7-5360-2320-8 |page=71 |script-title=zh:中华通史·第十卷}}</ref>