Editing Chimpanzee (section)

===Mortality and health===
[[File:2006-12-09 Chimpanzee Gregoire D Bruyere.JPG|thumb|Chimpanzee named "Gregoire" on 9 December 2006, born in 1944 (Jane Goodall sanctuary of Tchimpounga, [[Republic of the Congo]])]]
The average lifespan of a wild chimpanzee is relatively short. They usually live less than 15 years, although individuals that reach 12 years may live an additional 15 years. On rare occasions, wild chimpanzees may live nearly 60 years. Captive chimpanzees tend to live longer than most wild ones, with median lifespans of 31.7 years for males and 38.7 years for females.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mulchay |first=J. B. |date=8 March 2013 |title=How long do chimpanzees live? |url=https://chimpsnw.org/2013/03/how-long-do-chimpanzees-live/ |access-date=28 March 2019 |publisher=Chimpanzee Sanctuary Northwest |archive-date=28 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328194722/https://chimpsnw.org/2013/03/how-long-do-chimpanzees-live/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The oldest-known male captive chimpanzee to have been documented lived to 66 years,<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2008 |title=Africa's oldest chimp, a conservation icon, dies |website=Discovery News |url=http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2008/12/23/gregoire-oldest-chimp.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224073912/http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2008/12/23/gregoire-oldest-chimp.html |archive-date=24 December 2008 |url-status=dead |access-date=24 October 2020}}</ref> and the oldest female, [[Little Mama]], was nearly 80 years old.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Goodall |first=J. |date=27 November 2017 |title=Sad loss of Little Mama, one of the oldest chimps |work=janegoodall.org |url=https://news.janegoodall.org/2017/11/27/sad-loss-little-mama-one-oldest-chimps/ |access-date=22 July 2021 |archive-date=22 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722144347/https://news.janegoodall.org/2017/11/27/sad-loss-little-mama-one-oldest-chimps/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Leopard]]s prey on chimpanzees in some areas.<ref name="Boesch 1991">{{cite journal |last=Boesch |first=C. |s2cid=84213757 |title=The effects of leopard predation on grouping patterns in forest chimpanzees |journal=Behaviour |volume=117 |issue=3–4 |year=1991 |doi=10.1163/156853991x00544 |pages=220–241 |jstor=4534940}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Henschel |first1=P. |last2=Abernethy |first2=K. A. |last3=White |first3=L. J. |year=2005 |title=Leopard food habits in the Lopé National Park, Gabon, Central Africa |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=21–8 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.2004.00518.x|bibcode=2005AfJEc..43...21H }}</ref> It is possible that much of the mortality caused by leopards can be attributed to individuals that have specialised in killing chimpanzees.<ref name="Boesch 1991"/> Chimpanzees may react to a leopard's presence with loud vocalising, branch shaking, and throwing objects.<ref name="Boesch 1991"/><ref>{{cite journal |last=Pierce |first=A. H |year=2009 |title=An encounter between a leopard and a group of chimpanzees at Gombe National Park |journal=Pan Africa News |volume=16 |issue=22–24 |doi=10.5134/143505 |doi-access=free}}</ref> There is at least one record of chimpanzees killing a leopard cub after [[Mobbing (animal behavior)|mobbing]] it and its mother in their den.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hiraiwa-Hasegawa |first=M. |display-authors=etal |year=1986 |title=Aggression toward large carnivores by wild chimpanzees of Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania |journal=Folia Primatologica; International Journal of Primatology |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=8–13 |pmid=3557232 |doi=10.1159/000156259}}</ref> Four chimpanzees could have fallen prey to [[lion]]s at [[Mahale Mountains National Park]]. Although no other instances of lion predation on chimpanzees have been recorded, lions likely do kill chimpanzees occasionally, and the larger group sizes of savanna chimpanzees may have developed as a response to threats from these big cats. Chimpanzees may react to lions by fleeing up trees, vocalising, or hiding in silence.<ref name="Tsukahara">{{cite journal |last=Tsukahara |first=T. |year=1992 |title=Lions eat chimpanzees: the first evidence of predation by lions on wild chimpanzees |journal=American Journal of Primatology |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1002/ajp.1350290102 |pmid=31941199 |s2cid=84565926}}</ref>
[[File:Pediculus schaeffi.JPG|thumb|upright|The chimpanzee louse ''Pediculus schaeffi'' is closely related to the human body louse ''[[Pediculus humanus|P. humanus]]''.]]
Chimpanzees and humans share only 50% of their [[parasite]] and [[microbe]] species. This is due to the differences in environmental and dietary adaptations; human internal parasite species overlap more with omnivorous, savanna-dwelling baboons. The chimpanzee is host to the [[louse]] species ''Pediculus schaeffi'', a close relative of ''[[Pediculus humanus|P. humanus]]'', which infests human head and body hair. By contrast, the human pubic louse ''[[Pthirus pubis]]'' is closely related to ''[[Pthirus gorillae]]'', which infests gorillas.<ref name="Weiss, Robin A. 2009 20">{{cite journal |last=Weiss |first=R. A. |year=2009 |title=Apes, lice and prehistory |journal=Journal of Biology |volume=8 |issue=2 |page=20 |doi=10.1186/jbiol114 |pmc=2687769 |pmid=19232074 |doi-access=free }}</ref> A 2017 study of gastro[[intestinal parasite]]s of wild chimpanzees in degraded forest in Uganda found nine species of [[protozoa]], five [[nematode]]s, one [[cestode]], and one [[trematode]]. The most prevalent species was the protozoan ''Troglodytella abrassarti''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McLennan |first1=M. R. |last2=Hasegawa |first2=Hideo |last3=Bardi |first3=Massimo |last4=Huffman |first4=Michael A. |year=2017 |title=Gastrointestinal parasite infections and self-medication in wild chimpanzees surviving in degraded forest fragments within an agricultural landscape mosaic in Uganda |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=12 |issue=7 |at=e0180431 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0180431 |pmid=28692673 |pmc=5503243 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1280431M |doi-access=free}}</ref>