Editing Chicano (section)

=== ''Hispanic'' ===
Etymologically deriving from the Spanish word "[[Hispanophone|Hispano]]", referring to the Latin word [[Hispania]], which was used for the Iberian Peninsula under the Roman Republic, the term Hispanic is an [[Anglicized]] translation of the Spanish word "Hispano". Hispano is commonly used in the Spanish speaking world when referring to "Hispanohablantes" (Spanish speakers), "[[Hispanic America|Hispanoamerica]]" (Spanish-America) and "Hispanos" when referring to the greater social imaginary held by many people across the Americas who descend from Spanish families. The term [[Hispanos of New Mexico|Hispano]] is commonly used in the U.S. states of New Mexico, Texas, and Colorado, as well as used in Mexico and other Spanish-American countries when referring to the greater Spanish-speaking world, often referred to as "Latin America".

[[File:CHCcirca1984.JPG|thumb|205x205px|[[Congressional Hispanic Caucus]] (1984). The Caucus played a key role in promoting the term ''Hispanic'' among Mexican Americans, partly motivated by a goal to separate themselves from how the [[Congressional Black Caucus|Black Caucus]] was viewed.<ref name="Gomez-1992" />]]
Following the decline of the [[Chicano Movement]], ''Hispanic'' was first defined by the U.S. [[Office of Management and Budget|Federal Office of Management and Budget]]'s (OMB) Directive No. 15 in 1977 as "a person of [[Mexicans|Mexican]], [[Dominican Republic|Dominican]], [[Puerto Ricans|Puerto Rican]], [[Cubans|Cuban]], [[Central America|Central]] or [[South America]] or other [[Spanish culture]] or origin, regardless of [[Race (human categorization)|race]]."<ref name="Martinez-2020" /> The term was promoted by [[Mexican Americans|Mexican American]] political elites to encourage [[cultural assimilation]] into the [[Mainstream culture|mainstream]] culture and move away from ''[[Chicanismo]]''. The rise of Hispanic identity paralleled the emerging era of political and cultural [[conservatism]] in the United States during the 1980s.<ref name="Martinez-2020" /><ref name="Gomez-1992" />

Key members of the Mexican American political elite, all of whom were middle-aged men, helped popularize the term ''Hispanic'' among Mexican Americans. The term was picked up by electronic and print media. [[Laura E. Gómez]] conducted a series of interviews with these elites and found that one of the main reasons ''Hispanic'' was promoted was to move away from ''Chicano'': "The Chicano label reflected the more radical political agenda of Mexican-Americans in the 1960s and 1970s, and the politicians who call themselves Hispanic today are the harbingers of a more conservative, more accomadationist politics."<ref name="Gomez-1992" />

Gómez found that some of these elites promoted ''Hispanic'' to appeal to [[White Americans|white American]] sensibilities, particularly in regard to separating themselves from [[Black people|Black]] political consciousness. Gómez records:<ref name="Gomez-1992" />{{blockquote|Another respondent agreed with this position, contrasting his white colleagues' perceptions of the [[Congressional Hispanic Caucus]] with their perception of the [[Congressional Black Caucus]]. 'We certainly haven't been militant like the Black Caucus. We're seen as a power bloc—an ethnic power bloc striving to deal with mainstream issues.'<ref name="Gomez-1992" />}}In 1980, ''Hispanic'' was first made available as a self-identification on [[U.S. census]] forms. While ''Chicano'' also appeared on the 1980 U.S. census, it was only permitted to be selected as a subcategory underneath ''Spanish/Hispanic descent'', which erased the possibility of [[Afro-Chicano]]s, Chicanos of [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indigenous descent]], and other Chicanos of color. ''Chicano'' did not appear on any subsequent census forms and ''Hispanic'' has remained.<ref name="Stephen-2007" /> Since then, ''Hispanic'' has widely been used by politicians and the media. For this reason, many Chicanos reject the term ''Hispanic''.<ref name="Montoya-2016-1">{{Cite book|title=Chicano Movement For Beginners|last=Montoya|first=Maceo|publisher=For Beginners|year=2016|isbn=9781939994646|pages=[https://archive.org/details/chicanomovementf0000mont/page/3 3–5]|url=https://archive.org/details/chicanomovementf0000mont/page/3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Guerra Tezcatlipoca |first=Leo |date=22 November 1993 |title=We're Chicanos – Not Latinos or Hispanics |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-11-22-me-59558-story.html |access-date=26 June 2020 |website=Los Angeles Times |archive-date=27 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627025157/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-11-22-me-59558-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>