Editing Centromere (section)

===Dicentric===

A [[dicentric chromosome]] is an abnormal chromosome with two centromeres, which can be unstable through cell divisions. It can form through translocation between or fusion of two chromosome segments, each with a centromere. Some rearrangements produce both dicentric chromosomes and acentric fragments which can not attach to spindles at mitosis.<ref name=":01">{{Cite book|title = Thompson & Thompson Genetics in Medicine| vauthors = Nussbaum R, McInnes R, Willard H, Hamosh A |first4 = Ada|publisher = Saunders|year = 2007|isbn = 978-1-4160-3080-5|location = Philadelphia(PA)|pages = 72}}</ref> The formation of dicentric chromosomes has been attributed to genetic processes, such as [[Robertsonian translocation]]<ref name=":0">{{cite book|title=Thompson & Thompson Genetics in Medicine | edition = 7th |pages=62}}</ref> and [[Chromosomal inversion|paracentric inversion.]]<ref name=":5">{{cite book|title = Genetics From Genes to Genomes | edition = 4th | vauthors = Hartwell L, Hood L, Goldberg M, Reynolds A, Lee S |publisher = McGraw-Hill|year = 2011|isbn = 9780073525266|location = New York}}</ref> Dicentric chromosomes can have a variety of fates, including mitotic stability.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lynch SA, Ashcroft KA, Zwolinski S, Clarke C, Burn J | title = Kabuki syndrome-like features in monozygotic twin boys with a pseudodicentric chromosome 13 | journal = Journal of Medical Genetics | volume = 32 | issue = 3 | pages = 227–230 | date = March 1995 | pmid = 7783176 | pmc = 1050324 | doi = 10.1136/jmg.32.3.227 }}</ref> In some cases, their stability comes from inactivation of one of the two centromeres to make a functionally monocentric chromosome capable of normal transmission to daughter cells during cell division.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10577-012-9302-3 | doi=10.1007/s10577-012-9302-3 | title=Dicentric chromosomes: Unique models to study centromere function and inactivation | date=2012 | last1=Stimpson | first1=Kaitlin M. | last2=Matheny | first2=Justyne E. | last3=Sullivan | first3=Beth A. | journal=Chromosome Research | volume=20 | issue=5 | pages=595–605 | pmc=3557915 }}</ref>

For example, human [[chromosome 2]], which is believed to be the result of a Robertsonian translocation at some point in the evolution between the great apes and ''Homo'', has a second, vestigial, centromere near the middle of its long arm.<ref>{{cite journal
|author=Avarello
|title=Evidence for an ancestral alphoid domain on the long arm of human chromosome 2
|journal=Human Genetics
|year=1992
|pages=247–9
|volume=89
|pmid=1587535  |doi=10.1007/BF00217134
|last2=Pedicini
|first2=A
|last3=Caiulo
|first3=A
|last4=Zuffardi
|first4=O
|last5=Fraccaro
|first5=M
|issue=2
|s2cid=1441285
|display-authors=1
}}</ref>