Editing Catalan language (section)

=== Present day ===
Since the [[Spanish transition to democracy]] (1975–1982), Catalan has been institutionalized as an official language, language of education, and language of mass media; all of which have contributed to its increased prestige.{{sfn|Wheeler|2003|p=207}} In [[Catalonia]], there is an unparalleled large [[bilingualism|bilingual]] European [[Stateless nation|non-state]] linguistic community.{{sfn|Wheeler|2003|p=207}} The teaching of Catalan is mandatory in all schools,{{sfn|Wheeler|2010|p=191}} but it is possible to use Spanish for studying in the public education system of Catalonia in two situations—if the teacher assigned to a class chooses to use Spanish, or during the learning process of one or more recently arrived immigrant students.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Armora |first=Esther |url=http://www.abc.es/sociedad/20130909/abci-cataluna-ordena-incumplir-sentencias-201309081829.html |title=Cataluña ordena incumplir las sentencias sobre el castellano en las escuelas |date=9 September 2013 |work=ABC |access-date=10 September 2013 |language=es |trans-title=Catalonia orders violate the judgments on the Castilian in schools |archive-date=11 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911073217/http://www.abc.es/sociedad/20130909/abci-cataluna-ordena-incumplir-sentencias-201309081829.html |url-status=live}}</ref> There is also some intergenerational shift towards Catalan.{{sfn|Wheeler|2010|p=191}}

More recently, several Spanish political forces have tried to increase the use of Spanish in the Catalan educational system.<ref name=":52">{{Cite news |last=Wong |first=Alia |date=3 November 2017 |title=Is Catalonia Using Schools as a Political Weapon? |language=en-US |work=The Atlantic |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/11/is-catalonia-using-schools-as-a-political-weapon/544898/ |access-date=11 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171103153605/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/11/is-catalonia-using-schools-as-a-political-weapon/544898/ |archive-date=3 November 2017}}</ref> As a result, in May 2022 the Spanish Supreme Court urged the Catalan regional government to enforce a measure by which 25% of all lessons must be taught in Spanish.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ansamed.info/ansamed/en/news/nations/spain/2022/01/21/catalonia-supreme-court-25-of-lessons-must-be-in-spanish_e4e09d3e-ea85-4b59-b3c6-d0f2cdbfc0aa.html |title=You are here: ANSAmed. Catalonia: Supreme Court, 25% of lessons must be in Spanish |date=21 January 2022 |language=en |access-date=21 January 2022 |archive-date=22 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122124224/https://www.ansamed.info/ansamed/en/news/nations/spain/2022/01/21/catalonia-supreme-court-25-of-lessons-must-be-in-spanish_e4e09d3e-ea85-4b59-b3c6-d0f2cdbfc0aa.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>

According to the [[Statistical Institute of Catalonia]], in 2013 the Catalan language is the second most commonly used in Catalonia, after [[Spanish language|Spanish]], as a native or self-defining language: 7% of the population self-identifies with both Catalan and Spanish equally, 36.4% with Catalan and 47.5% only Spanish.<ref name="idescat.cat">{{Cite web |url=http://www.idescat.cat/economia/inec?tc=3&id=da01&dt=2008&lang=en |title=Idescat. Annual indicators. Language uses. First language, language of identification and habitual language. Results |website=Institut d'Estadística de Catalunya |access-date=27 September 2016 |archive-date=20 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220072106/http://www.idescat.cat/economia/inec?tc=3&id=da01&dt=2008&lang=en |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2003 the same studies concluded no language preference for self-identification within the population above 15 years old: 5% self-identified with both languages, 44.3% with Catalan and 47.5% with Spanish.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.idescat.cat/economia/inec?tc=3&id=DA01&lang=en&dt=200300&x=12&y=8 |title=Idescat. Demographics and quality of life. Language uses. First language, language of identification and habitual language. 2003. Results |website=Institut d'Estadística de Catalunya |language=en |access-date=21 January 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202002849/http://www.idescat.cat/economia/inec?tc=3&id=DA01&lang=en&dt=200300&x=12&y=8 |url-status=live}}</ref> To promote use of Catalan, the [[Generalitat de Catalunya]] (Catalonia's official Autonomous government) spends part of its annual budget on the promotion of the use of Catalan in Catalonia and in other territories, with entities such as {{ill|lt=''Consorci per a la Normalització Lingüística''|Consorci per a la Normalització Lingüística|ca||es|Consorcio para la normalización lingüística|vertical-align=sup}} (Consortium for Linguistic Normalization).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www20.gencat.cat/portal/site/Llengcat/menuitem.b318de7236aed0e7a129d410b0c0e1a0/?vgnextoid=69f4f9465ff61110VgnVCM1000000b0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=69f4f9465ff61110VgnVCM1000000b0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextfmt=default |title=2010 Language Policy Report |website=Generalitat de Catalunya |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415001016/http://www20.gencat.cat/portal/site/Llengcat/menuitem.b318de7236aed0e7a129d410b0c0e1a0/?vgnextoid=69f4f9465ff61110VgnVCM1000000b0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=69f4f9465ff61110VgnVCM1000000b0c1e0aRCRD&vgnextfmt=default |archive-date=15 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cpnl.cat/ |title=Consorci per a la Normalització Lingüística |first=Consorci per a la Normalització Lingüística- |last=CPNL |website=Consorci per a la Normalització Lingüística – CPNL |access-date=28 August 2022 |archive-date=28 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828073003/https://www.cpnl.cat/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

In [[Andorra]], Catalan has always been the sole official language.{{sfn|Wheeler|2010|p=191}} Since the promulgation of the [[Constitution of Andorra|1993 constitution]], several policies favoring Catalan have been enforced, such as Catalan medium education.{{sfn|Wheeler|2010|p=191}}

On the other hand, there are several [[language shift]] processes currently taking place. In the [[Northern Catalonia]] area of France, Catalan has followed the same trend as the other minority languages of France, with most of its native speakers being 60 or older (as of 2004).{{sfn|Wheeler|2010|p=191}} Catalan is studied as a foreign language by 30% of the primary education students, and by 15% of the secondary.{{sfn|Wheeler|2010|p=191}} The cultural association {{lang|ca|[[La Bressola]]}} promotes a network of community-run schools engaged in Catalan language immersion programs.

In [[Alicante province]], Catalan is being replaced by [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and in [[Alghero]] by [[Italian language|Italian]].{{sfn|Wheeler|2003|p=207}} There is also well ingrained [[diglossia]] in the [[Valencian Community]], [[Ibiza]], and to a lesser extent, in the rest of the [[Balearic islands]].{{sfn|Wheeler|2010|p=191}}

During the 20th century many Catalans emigrated or went into exile to [[Venezuela]], [[Mexico]], [[Cuba]], [[Argentina]], and other South American countries. They formed a large number of Catalan colonies that today continue to maintain the Catalan language.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Philip D. Rasico |title=La llengua dels mallorquins de San Pedro (Argentina) |url=https://publicacions.iec.cat/repository/pdf/00000270/00000011.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116201349/https://publicacions.iec.cat/repository/pdf/00000270/00000011.pdf |archive-date=16 November 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> They also founded many Catalan casals (associations).<ref>{{Cite web |title=COMUNITATS CATALANES A L'EXTERIOR – index |url=https://catalansalmon.com/comunitats_catalanes_exterior/ |access-date=3 November 2022 |website=catalansalmon.com |archive-date=3 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103064445/https://catalansalmon.com/comunitats_catalanes_exterior/ |url-status=live}}</ref>