Editing Casimir effect (section)

== Measurement ==
One of the first experimental tests was conducted by Marcus Sparnaay at Philips in [[w:Eindhoven|Eindhoven]] (Netherlands), in 1958, in a delicate and difficult experiment with parallel plates, obtaining results not in contradiction with the Casimir theory,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sparnaay |first1=M. J. |title=Attractive Forces between Flat Plates |journal=Nature |volume=180 |pages=334–335 |year=1957 |doi=10.1038/180334b0 |issue=4581 |bibcode=1957Natur.180..334S |s2cid=4263111 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sparnaay |first1=M |title=Measurements of attractive forces between flat plates |journal=Physica |volume=24 |pages=751–764 |year=1958 |doi=10.1016/S0031-8914(58)80090-7 |issue=6–10 |bibcode=1958Phy....24..751S }}</ref> but with large experimental errors.

The Casimir effect was measured more accurately in 1997 by Steve K. Lamoreaux of [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]],<ref name=Lamoureaux1997>{{cite journal |last1=Lamoreaux |first1=S. K. |s2cid=25323874 |title=Demonstration of the Casimir Force in the 0.6 to 6 μm Range |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=78 |issue=1 |pages=5–8 |year=1997 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.78.5 |bibcode=1997PhRvL..78....5L }}</ref> and by Umar Mohideen and Anushree Roy of the [[University of California, Riverside]].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.4549 |last1=Mohideen |first1=U. |year=1998 |pages=4549–4552 |volume=81 |journal=Physical Review Letters |last2=Roy |first2=Anushree |title=Precision Measurement of the Casimir Force from 0.1 to 0.9 µm |issue=21 |arxiv=physics/9805038 |bibcode=1998PhRvL..81.4549M |s2cid=56132451 }}</ref> In practice, rather than using two parallel plates, which would require phenomenally accurate alignment to ensure they were parallel, the experiments use one plate that is flat and another plate that is a part of a [[sphere]] with a very large [[radius]].

In 2001, a group (Giacomo Bressi, Gianni Carugno, Roberto Onofrio and Giuseppe Ruoso) at the [[University of Padua]] (Italy) finally succeeded in measuring the Casimir force between parallel plates using [[Microelectromechanical system oscillator#Resonators|microresonators]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bressi |first1=G. |last2=Carugno |first2=G. |last3=Onofrio |first3=R. |last4=Ruoso |first4=G. |title=Measurement of the Casimir Force between Parallel Metallic Surfaces |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=88 |pages=041804 |year=2002 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.041804 |issue=4 |pmid=11801108 |arxiv=quant-ph/0203002 |bibcode=2002PhRvL..88d1804B |s2cid=43354557 }}</ref> Numerous variations of these experiments are summarized in the 2009 review by Klimchitskaya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Klimchitskaya |first1=G. L. |last2=Mohideen |first2=U. |last3=Mostepanenko |first3=V. M. |date=2009-12-21 |title=The Casimir force between real materials: Experiment and theory |url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/RevModPhys.81.1827 |journal=Reviews of Modern Physics |language=en |volume=81 |issue=4 |pages=1827–1885 |doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.81.1827 |issn=0034-6861|arxiv=0902.4022 |bibcode=2009RvMP...81.1827K }}</ref>

In 2013, a conglomerate of scientists from [[Hong Kong University of Science and Technology]], [[University of Florida]], [[Harvard University]], [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], and [[Oak Ridge National Laboratory]] demonstrated a compact integrated silicon chip that can measure the Casimir force.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zao |first1=J. |title=Casimir forces on a silicon micromechanical chip |journal=Nature Communications |volume=4 |date=14 May 2013 |doi=10.1038/ncomms2842 |arxiv=1207.6163 |bibcode=2013NatCo...4.1845Z |last2=Marcet |first2=Z. |last3=Rodriguez |first3=A. W. |last4=Reid |first4=M. T. H. |last5=McCauley |first5=A. P. |last6=Kravchenko |first6=I. I. |last7=Lu |first7=T. |last8=Bao |first8=Y. |last9=Johnson |first9=S. G. |last10=Chan |first10=H. B. |pages=1845 |pmid=23673630 |s2cid=46359798 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> The integrated chip defined by electron-beam lithography does not need extra alignment, making it an ideal platform for measuring Casimir force between complex geometries. In 2017 and 2021, the same group from [[Hong Kong University of Science and Technology]] demonstrated the non-monotonic Casimir force<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lu |first1=T. |title=Measurement of non-monotonic Casimir forces between silicon nanostructures |journal=Nature Photonics |volume=11 |date=9 January 2017 |doi=10.1038/nphoton.2016.254 |arxiv=1701.02351 |last2=Wang |first2=Mingkang |last3=Ng |first3=C. Y. |last4=Nikolic |first4=M. |last5=Chan |first5=C. T. |last6=Rodriguez |first6=Alejandro |last7=Chan |first7=H. B. |issue=2 |pages=97–101 |bibcode=2017NaPho..11...97T |s2cid=119327017 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> and distance-independent Casimir force,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Mingkang |title=Strong geometry dependence of the Casimir force between interpenetrated rectangular gratings |journal=Nature Communications|volume=12 |date=26 January 2021 |doi=10.1038/s41467-021-20891-4 |arxiv=2009.02187 |last2=Tang |first2=L. |last3=Ng |first3=C. Y. |last4=Messina |first4=Riccardo |last5=Guizal |first5=Brahim |last6=Crosse |first6=J. A. |last7=Antezza |first7=Mauro |last8=Chan |first8=C. T. |last9=Chan |first9=H. B. |issue=1 |pages=600 |pmid=33500401 |pmc=7838308 |bibcode=2021NatCo..12..600W |display-authors=etal}}</ref> respectively, using this on-chip platform.