Editing Cartel (section)

=== Price fixing ===
Today, price fixing by private entities is illegal under the antitrust laws of more than 140 countries. The commodities of prosecuted international cartels include [[lysine]], [[citric acid]], [[graphite]] electrodes, and bulk [[vitamin]]s.<ref>Connor, John M. (2008): ''Global Price Fixing: 2nd Paperback Edition''. Heidelberg: Springer.</ref> In many countries, the predominant belief is that cartels are contrary to free and fair competition, considered the backbone of political democracy.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Controlling International Technology Transfer: Issues, Perspectives, and Policy Implications|last1=Sagafi-Nejad|first1=Tagi|last2=Moxon|first2=Richard|last3=Perlmutter|first3=Howard|publisher=Pergamon Press|year=2017|isbn=978-0-08-027180-4|location=New York|pages=180}}</ref> Maintaining cartels continues to become harder for cartels. Even if international cartels cannot be regulated as a whole by individual nations, their individual activities in domestic markets are affected.<ref>Fellman & Shanahan, p.&nbsp;224.</ref>

Unlike other cartels, export cartels are legal in virtually all jurisdictions, despite their harmful effects on affected markets.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Martyniszyn |first1=Marek |title=Export Cartels: Is it Legal to Target your Neighbour? Analysis in Light of Recent Case Law |journal=Journal of International Economic Law |date=2012 |volume=15 |issue=1 |page=181 |doi=10.1093/jiel/jgs003 |s2cid=153887704 |url=https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/export-cartels-is-it-legal-to-target-your-neighbour-analysis-in-light-of-recent-case-law(76b0a369-a9db-4f5e-aadb-7ffdc7b84164).html }}</ref>