Editing Cardinal (Catholic Church) (section)

=== Cardinal deacons ===

The cardinal deacons ({{Langx|la|cardinales diaconi}}) are the lowest-ranking cardinals. Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are either officials of the [[Roman Curia]] or priests elevated after their 80th birthday, chosen mainly for the honor of it, since those over 80 are not able to vote in a conclave. While bishops with diocesan responsibilities are created cardinal priests, it is generally not so for cardinal deacons.

Cardinal deacons derive originally from the seven deacons in the [[Papal Household]] who supervised the church's works in the [[14 regions of Medieval Rome|14 districts of Rome during the early Middle Ages]], when church administration was effectively the [[Papal States|government of Rome]] and provided all [[social services]]. They came to be called "cardinal deacons" by the late eighth century, and they were granted active rights in papal elections and made eligible for the election as pope by the [[Lateran Council (769)|Lateran Council]] of 769.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Noble |first=Thomas F. X. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10100806 |title=The Republic of St. Peter: the birth of the Papal State, 680–825 |date=1984 |isbn=0-8122-7917-4 |location=Philadelphia |pages=218 |oclc=10100806}}</ref>

Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are mainly officials of the [[Roman Curia]] holding various posts in the church administration. Their number and influence has varied through the years. While historically predominantly Italian, the group has become much more internationally diverse in later years. In 1939, about half were Italian. In 1994, approximately one third were Italian. Their influence in the election of the pope has been considered important. They are better informed and connected than the dislocated cardinals but their level of unity has been varied.<ref name="Thomas J. Reese pp. 92–93">Thomas J. Reese, '' Inside the Vatican: The Politics and Organization of the Catholic Church'', Harvard University Press, 1996 pp. 92–93.</ref>

Under the 1587 decree of [[Pope Sixtus V]], which fixed the maximum size of the College of Cardinals, there were 14 cardinal deacons. Later the number increased. As late as 1939 almost half of the cardinals were members of the Curia. Pius XII reduced this percentage to 24 percent. John XXIII brought it back up to 37 percent but Paul VI brought it down to 27 percent. John Paul II maintained this ratio.<ref name="Thomas J. Reese pp. 92–93"/>

As of 2005, there were over 50 churches recognized as cardinalatial deaconries, though there were only 30 cardinals of the order of deacons. Cardinal deacons have long enjoyed the right to "opt for the order of cardinal priests" ({{lang|it|optazione}}) after they have been cardinal deacons for 10 years. They may on such elevation take a vacant "[[titular church|title]]" (a church allotted to a cardinal priest as the church in Rome with which he is associated) or their diaconal church may be temporarily elevated to a cardinal priest's "title" for that occasion. When elevated to cardinal priests, they take their precedence according to the day they were first made cardinal deacons, thus ranking above cardinal priests who were elevated to the college after them, regardless of order.

When not celebrating Mass, but still serving a liturgical function, such as the semiannual {{lang|la|[[Urbi et Orbi]]}} [[papal blessing]], some [[Papal Mass]]es and some events at Ecumenical Councils, cardinal deacons can be recognized by the [[dalmatic]]s they would don with the simple white mitre (so called {{lang|la|mitra simplex}}).

==== Cardinal protodeacon ====

The cardinal protodeacon is the senior cardinal deacon in order of appointment to the College of Cardinals. If he is a cardinal elector and participates in a conclave, he [[Habemus Papam|announces a new pope's election]] and name{{efn|The cardinal protodeacon does not announce a new pope's name until the pope elect has been ordained a bishop.<ref>Ap. Const. [https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_22021996_universi-dominici-gregis_en.html Universi Dominici Gregis, No. 89] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070506074146/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_22021996_universi-dominici-gregis_en.html |date=6 May 2007 }}.</ref>}} from the central balcony of [[St. Peter's Basilica]] in [[Vatican City]]. The protodeacon also bestows the [[pallium]] on the new pope and crowns him with the [[papal tiara]], although the crowning has not been celebrated since Pope John Paul I opted for a simpler papal inauguration ceremony in 1978.<ref>"Acting in the place of the Roman Pontiff, he also confers the pallium upon [[Metropolitan bishop#Roman Catholic|metropolitan bishops]] or gives the pallium to their proxies." [https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P19.HTM Canon 355 §2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203041419/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P19.HTM |date=3 December 2010 }}.</ref> The current cardinal protodeacon is [[Dominique Mamberti]].<ref name="MartinoDies">{{Cite web |title=Cardinal Martino, former Vatican envoy to U.N. dies at 91 - Catholic Review |agency=Catholic News Service |work=Catholic Review |date=28 October 2024 |access-date=28 April 2025 |url= https://catholicreview.org/cardinal-martino-former-vatican-envoy-to-u-n-dies-at-91/}}</ref>

==== Cardinal protodeacons since 1887 ====
[[File:Coat of arms of Dominique Mamberti.svg|thumb|Coat of arms of [[Dominique Mamberti|Cardinal Mamberti]], current Cardinal [[Protodeacon]]]]
* [[Giuseppe Pecci]], [[Society of Jesus|S.J.]] (20 December 1887&nbsp;– 8 February 1890)
* [[John Henry Newman]], [[Oratory of Saint Philip Neri|C.O.]] (8 February 1890&nbsp;– 11 August 1890)
* [[Joseph Hergenröther]] (11 August 1890&nbsp;– 3 October 1890)
* [[Tommaso Maria Zigliara]], [[Order of Preachers|O.P.]] (3 October 1890&nbsp;– 1 June 1891)
* [[Isidoro Verga]] (1 June 1891&nbsp;– 22 June 1896)
* [[Luigi Macchi]] (22 June 1896&nbsp;– 29 March 1907); announced election of [[Pope Pius X]] ([[Papal conclave, 1903|1903]])
* [[Andreas Steinhuber]], [[Society of Jesus|S.J.]] (29 March 1907&nbsp;– 15 October 1907)
* [[Francesco Segna]] (15 October 1907&nbsp;– 4 January 1911)
* [[Francesco Salesio Della Volpe]] (4 January 1911&nbsp;– 5 November 1916 (his death)); announced election of [[Pope Benedict XV]] ([[Papal conclave, 1914|1914]])
* [[Gaetano Bisleti]] (5 November 1916&nbsp;– 17 December 1928);{{efn|name=cardinal-priest|Ceased to be protodeacon upon being raised to the order of cardinal-priest}} announced election of [[Pope Pius XI]] ([[Papal conclave, 1922|1922]])
* [[Camillo Laurenti]] (17 December 1928&nbsp;– 16 December 1935){{efn|name=cardinal-priest}}
* [[Camillo Caccia-Dominioni]] (16 December 1935&nbsp;– 12 November 1946 (his death)); announced election of [[Pope Pius XII]] ([[Papal conclave, 1939|1939]])
* [[Nicola Canali]] (12 November 1946&nbsp;– 3 August 1961 (his death)); announced election of [[Pope John XXIII]] ([[Papal conclave, 1958|1958]])
* [[Alfredo Ottaviani]] (3 August 1961&nbsp;– 26 June 1967);{{efn|name=cardinal-priest}} announced election of [[Pope Paul VI]] ([[Papal conclave, 1963|1963]])
* [[Arcadio Larraona Saralegui]], [[Claretians|CMF]] (26 June 1967&nbsp;– 28 April 1969){{efn|name=cardinal-priest}}
* [[William Theodore Heard]] (28 April 1969&nbsp;– 18 May 1970){{efn|name=cardinal-priest}}
* [[Antonio Bacci]] (18 May 1970&nbsp;– 20 January 1971 (his death))
* [[Michael Browne (cardinal)|Michael Browne]], [[Dominican Order|OP]] (20 January 1971&nbsp;– 31 March 1971 (his death))
* [[Federico Callori di Vignale]] (31 March 1971&nbsp;– 8 August 1971†)
* [[Charles Journet]] (8 August 1971&nbsp;– 5 March 1973){{efn|name=cardinal-priest}}
* [[Pericle Felici]] (5 March 1973&nbsp;– 30 June 1979);{{efn|name=cardinal-priest}} announced elections of [[Pope John Paul I]] ([[Papal conclave, August 1978|1978]]) and [[Pope John Paul II]] ([[Papal conclave, October 1978|1978]])
* [[Sergio Pignedoli]] (30 June 1979&nbsp;– 15 June 1980 (his death))
* [[Umberto Mozzoni]] (15 June 1980&nbsp;– 2 February 1983){{efn|name=cardinal-priest}}
* [[Opilio Rossi]] (2 February 1983&nbsp;– 22 June 1987){{efn|name=cardinal-priest}}
* [[Giuseppe Caprio]] (22 June 1987&nbsp;– 26 November 1990)
* [[Aurelio Sabattani]] (26 November 1990&nbsp;– 5 April 1993){{efn|name=cardinal-priest}}
* [[Duraisamy Simon Lourdusamy]] (5 April 1993&nbsp;– 29 January 1996){{efn|name=cardinal-priest}}
* [[Eduardo Martínez Somalo]] (29 January 1996&nbsp;– 9 January 1999){{efn|name=cardinal-priest}}
* [[Pio Laghi]] (9 January 1999&nbsp;– 26 February 2002){{efn|name=cardinal-priest}}
* [[Luigi Poggi]] (26 February 2002&nbsp;– 24 February 2005){{efn|name=cardinal-priest}}
* [[Jorge Medina (cardinal)|Jorge Medina]] (24 February 2005&nbsp;– 23 February 2007);{{efn|name=cardinal-priest}} announced election of [[Pope Benedict XVI]] ([[Papal conclave, 2005|2005]])
* [[Darío Castrillón Hoyos]] (23 February 2007&nbsp;– 1 March 2008){{efn|name=cardinal-priest}}
* [[Agostino Cacciavillan]] (1 March 2008&nbsp;– 21 February 2011){{efn|name=cardinal-priest}}
* [[Jean-Louis Tauran]] (21 February 2011&nbsp;– 12 June 2014);{{efn|name=cardinal-priest}} announced election of [[Pope Francis]] ([[Papal conclave, 2013|2013]])
* [[Renato Raffaele Martino]] (12 June 2014&nbsp;– 28 October 2024 (his death))<ref>{{cite news |work=La Stampa |language=it |url=http://www.lastampa.it/2014/06/12/vaticaninsider/ita/vaticano/martino-diventa-cardinale-protodiacono-senza-habemus-papam-dHcpHr2npVizIsSXyjVfHM/pagina.html |access-date=23 January 2018 |date=12 June 2014 |title=Martino diventa cardinale protodiacono (senza "Habemus Papam") |first=Jacopo |last=Scaramuzzi |archive-date=24 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124070934/http://www.lastampa.it/2014/06/12/vaticaninsider/ita/vaticano/martino-diventa-cardinale-protodiacono-senza-habemus-papam-dHcpHr2npVizIsSXyjVfHM/pagina.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Dominique Mamberti]] (28 October 2024&nbsp;– present);<ref name="MartinoDies"/> announced election of [[Pope Leo XIV]] ([[2025 papal conclave|2025]])