Editing Candide (section)

=== Chapters XXI–XXX ===
This companion, Martin, is a [[Manichaean]] [[scholar]] based on the real-life pessimist [[Pierre Bayle]], who was a chief opponent of Leibniz.<ref>Wootton (2000), p. xvii</ref> For the remainder of the voyage, Martin and Candide argue about philosophy, Martin painting the entire world as occupied by fools. Candide, however, remains an optimist at heart, since it is all he knows. After a detour to [[Bordeaux]] and [[Paris]], they arrive in England and see an admiral (based on [[John Byng|Admiral Byng]]) being shot for not killing enough of the enemy. Martin explains that Britain finds it necessary to shoot an admiral from time to time "''pour encourager les autres''" (to encourage the others).<ref>This is the most famous quote from the novel. See [[Alex Massie (journalist)|Alex Massie]], [http://blogs.spectator.co.uk/alex-massie/2007/07/pour-encourager-les-autres-oui-monsieur/ Pour encourager les autres? Oui, monsieur...] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108234612/http://blogs.spectator.co.uk/alex-massie/2007/07/pour-encourager-les-autres-oui-monsieur/ |date=2014-01-08 }}, ''[[The Spectator]]'' (31 July 2007).</ref> Candide, horrified, arranges for them to leave Britain immediately. Upon their arrival in [[Venice]], Candide and Martin meet Paquette, the chambermaid who infected Pangloss with his syphilis. She is now a prostitute, and is spending her time with a [[Theatines|Theatine]] monk, Brother Giroflée. Although both appear happy on the surface, they reveal their despair: Paquette has led a miserable existence as a sexual object since she was forced to become a prostitute, and the monk detests the religious order in which he was indoctrinated. Candide gives two thousand [[piastre]]s to Paquette and one thousand to Brother Giroflée.

Candide and Martin visit the Lord Pococurante, a noble Venetian. That evening, Cacambo—now a slave—arrives and informs Candide that Cunégonde is in [[Constantinople]]. Prior to their departure, Candide and Martin dine with six strangers who had come for the [[Carnival of Venice]]. These strangers are revealed to be dethroned kings: the Ottoman Sultan [[Ahmed III]], Emperor [[Ivan VI of Russia]], [[Charles Edward Stuart]] (an unsuccessful pretender to the English throne), [[Augustus III of Poland]] (deprived, at the time of writing, of his reign in the [[Electorate of Saxony]] due to the [[Seven Years' War]]), [[Stanisław Leszczyński]], and [[Theodore of Corsica]].

On the way to Constantinople, Cacambo reveals that Cunégonde—now horribly ugly—currently washes dishes on the banks of the [[Sea of Marmara|Propontis]] as a slave for a fugitive [[Transylvania]]n prince by the name of [[Francis II Rákóczi|Rákóczi]]. After arriving at the [[Bosphorus]], they board a [[galley]] where, to Candide's surprise, he finds Pangloss and Cunégonde's brother among the rowers. Candide buys their freedom and further passage at steep prices.<ref name=ayer143145>Ayer (1986), pp. 143–145</ref> They both relate how they survived, but despite the horrors he has been through, Pangloss's optimism remains unshaken: "I still hold to my original opinions, because, after all, I'm a philosopher, and it wouldn't be proper for me to recant, since Leibniz cannot be wrong, and since [[pre-established harmony]] is the most beautiful thing in the world, along with the [[Plenism|plenum]] and [[Subtle body|subtle matter]]."<ref name=bair107108>Voltaire [1759] (1959), pp. 107–108</ref>

Candide, the baron, Pangloss, Martin, and Cacambo arrive at the banks of the Propontis, where they rejoin Cunégonde and the old woman. Cunégonde has indeed become hideously ugly, but Candide nevertheless buys their freedom and marries Cunégonde to spite her brother, who forbids Cunégonde from marrying anyone but a baron of the Empire (he is secretly sold back into slavery). Paquette and Brother Giroflée—having squandered their three thousand piastres—are reconciled with Candide on a small farm ({{lang|fr|une petite métairie}}) which he just bought with the last of his finances.

One day, the protagonists seek out a [[dervish]] known as a great philosopher of the land. Candide asks him why Man is made to suffer so, and what they all ought to do. The dervish responds by asking rhetorically why Candide is concerned about the existence of evil and good. The dervish describes human beings as mice on a ship sent by a king to Egypt; their comfort does not matter to the king. The dervish then slams his door on the group. Returning to their farm, Candide, Pangloss, and Martin meet a [[Turkish people|Turk]] whose philosophy is to devote his life only to simple work and not concern himself with external affairs. He and his four children cultivate a small area of land, and the work keeps them "free of three great evils: boredom, vice, and poverty."<ref name=bair113>Voltaire [1759] (1959), p. 112,113</ref> Candide, Pangloss, Martin, Cunégonde, Paquette, Cacambo, the old woman, and Brother Giroflée all set to work on this "commendable plan" ({{lang|fr|louable dessein}}) on their farm, each exercising his or her own talents. Candide ignores Pangloss's insistence that all turned out for the best by necessity, instead telling him "we must cultivate our garden" ({{lang|fr|il faut cultiver notre jardin}}).<ref name="bair113" />