Editing Camera obscura (section)

===1600 to 1650: Name coined, ''camera obscura'' telescopy, portable drawing aid in tents and boxes===
[[File:Kepler - Ad Vitellionem paralipomena quibus astronomiae pars optica traditur, 1604 - 158093 F.jpg|thumb|left|The first use of the term ''camera obscura'' was by [[Johannes Kepler]], in his first treatise about optics, ''Ad Vitellionem paralipomena quibus astronomiae pars optica traditur'' (1604)<ref name="Dupre" />]]
[[File:1619 Scheiner - Oculus hoc est (frontispiece).jpg|thumb|Detail of Scheiner's ''Oculus hoc est'' (1619) frontispiece with a ''camera obscura'''s projected image reverted by a lens]]
The earliest use of the term ''camera obscura'' is found in the 1604 book ''Ad Vitellionem Paralipomena'' by German mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer [[Johannes Kepler]].<ref name="Dupre">{{cite journal |last1=Dupre |first1=Sven |title=Inside the "Camera Obscura": Kepler's Experiment and Theory of Optical Imagery |journal=Early Science and Medicine |date=2008 |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=219–244 |jstor=20617729|doi=10.1163/157338208X285026 |hdl=1874/33285 |s2cid=170316526 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Kepler discovered the working of the ''camera obscura'' by recreating its principle with a book replacing a shining body and sending threads from its edges through a many-cornered aperture in a table onto the floor where the threads recreated the shape of the book. He also realized that images are "painted" inverted and reversed on the retina of the eye and figured that this is somehow corrected by the brain.<ref>{{cite book|title=Theories of Vision from Al-kindi to Kepler|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-8A_auBvyFoC&q=kepler+camera+obscura+eye&pg=PA186|last=Lindberg|first=David C.|year=1981|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226482354|access-date=9 November 2020|archive-date=10 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110062247/https://books.google.com/books?id=-8A_auBvyFoC&q=kepler+camera+obscura+eye&pg=PA186#v=snippet&q=kepler%20camera%20obscura%20eye&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> 
In 1607, Kepler studied the Sun in his ''camera obscura'' and noticed a [[sunspot]], but he thought it was Mercury transiting the Sun.<ref name =aps>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/201503/physicshistory.cfm|title=This Month in Physics History|website=www.aps.org|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209142919/https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/201503/physicshistory.cfm|url-status=live}}</ref>
In his 1611 book ''Dioptrice'', Kepler described how the projected image of the ''camera obscura'' can be improved and reverted with a lens. It is believed he later used a telescope with three lenses to revert the image in the ''camera obscura''.<ref name=Ilardi />

In 1611, Frisian/German astronomers [[David Fabricius|David]] and [[Johannes Fabricius]] (father and son) studied sunspots with a ''camera obscura'', after realizing looking at the Sun directly with the telescope could damage their eyes.<ref name =aps/> They are thought to have combined the telescope and the ''camera obscura'' into ''camera obscura'' telescopy.<ref name=aps/><ref>Surdin, V., and M. Kartashev. "Light in a dark room." Quantum 9.6 (1999): 40.</ref>

In 1612, Italian mathematician [[Benedetto Castelli]] wrote to his mentor, the Italian astronomer, physicist, engineer, philosopher, and mathematician [[Galileo Galilei]] about projecting images of the Sun through a [[telescope]] (invented in 1608) to study the recently discovered sunspots. Galilei wrote about Castelli's technique to the German Jesuit priest, physicist, and astronomer Christoph Scheiner.<ref name=Whitehouse/>

[[File:Scheiner Viewing Sunspots 1625.jpg|left|thumb|Scheiner's helioscope as illustrated in his book ''Rosa Ursina sive Sol'' (1626–30)]]
From 1612 to at least 1630, [[Christoph Scheiner]] would keep on studying sunspots and constructing new telescopic solar-projection systems. He called these "Heliotropii Telioscopici", later contracted to [[helioscope]].<ref name=Whitehouse>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4eHgCgAAQBAJ&q=castelli&pg=PT82|title=The Sun: A Biography|last=Whitehouse|first=David|year=2004|publisher=Orion|isbn=9781474601092|access-date=9 November 2020|archive-date=10 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110062750/https://books.google.com/books?id=4eHgCgAAQBAJ&q=castelli&pg=PT82|url-status=live}}</ref> For his helioscope studies, Scheiner built a box around the viewing/projecting end of the telescope, which can be seen as the oldest known version of a box-type ''camera obscura''. Scheiner also made a portable ''camera obscura''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Christoph Scheiner und die Camera obscura|last=Daxecker|bibcode=2006AcHA...28...37D|first=Franz|year=2006}}</ref>

In his 1613 book ''Opticorum Libri Sex''<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/opticorumlibrise00agui|title=Opticorum Libri Sex philosophis juxta ac mathematicis utiles|year=1613|last=d'Aguilon|first=François}}</ref> Belgian Jesuit mathematician, physicist, and architect [[François d'Aguilon]] described how some charlatans cheated people out of their money by claiming they knew [[necromancy]] and would raise the specters of the devil from hell to show them to the audience inside a dark room. The image of an assistant with a devil's mask was projected through a lens into the dark room, scaring the uneducated spectators.<ref name=Mannoni1/>

[[File:1858 - Gagniet (d) Quarteley (g) - Cours de Physique (A. Ganot).jpg|thumb|A ''camera obscura'' drawing aid tent in an illustration for an 1858 book on physics]]
By 1620 Kepler used a portable ''camera obscura'' tent with a modified telescope to draw landscapes. It could be turned around to capture the surroundings in parts.<ref name=":0">{{cite book | author1=Steadman, Philip | author2=Vermeer, Johannes, 1632–1675 | title=Vermeer's camera : uncovering the truth behind the masterpieces | date=2001 | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-280302-3 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/vermeerscameraun0000stea }}</ref>

Dutch inventor [[Cornelis Drebbel]] is thought to have constructed a box-type ''camera obscura'' which corrected the inversion of the projected image. In 1622, he sold one to the Dutch poet, composer, and diplomat [[Constantijn Huygens]] who used it to paint and recommended it to his artist friends.<ref name=Snyder/> Huygens wrote to his parents (translated from French):{{blockquote|I have at home Drebbel's other instrument, which certainly makes admirable effects in painting from reflection in a dark room; it is not possible for me to reveal the beauty to you in words; all painting is dead by comparison, for here is life itself or something more elevated if one could articulate it. The figure and the contour and the movements come together naturally therein and in a grandly pleasing fashion.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Constantijn huygens and early attitudes towards the camera obscura|journal=History of Photography|volume=1|issue=2|pages=93–103|last=Wheelock|first=Arthur K. Jr.|year=2013|doi=10.1080/03087298.1977.10442893}}</ref>}}

[[File:1636 Daniel Schwenter - Deliciae Physico-Mathematicae (scioptic ball).jpg|thumb|left|Illustration of a scioptic ball with a lens from Daniel Schwenter's ''Deliciae Physico-Mathematicae'' (1636)]]
German [[oriental studies|Orientalist]], mathematician, inventor, poet, and librarian [[Daniel Schwenter]] wrote in his 1636 book ''Deliciae Physico-Mathematicae'' about an instrument that a man from [[Pappenheim]] had shown him, which enabled movement of a lens to project more from a scene through a ''camera obscura''. It consisted of a ball as big as a fist, through which a hole (AB) was made with a lens attached on one side (B). This ball was placed inside two-halves of part of a hollow ball that were then glued together (CD), in which it could be turned around. This device was attached to a wall of the ''camera obscura'' (EF).<ref>{{cite book|first=Daniel|last=Schwenter|year=1636|page=255|language=de|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=EWM_AAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&hl=en_GB&pg=GBS.PA255|title=Deliciae Physico-Mathematicae|publisher=Endter|access-date=24 October 2016|archive-date=1 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301122936/https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=EWM_AAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&hl=en_GB&pg=GBS.PA255|url-status=live}}</ref> This [[universal joint]] mechanism was later called a [[scioptic ball]].

In his 1637 book ''Dioptrique'' French philosopher, mathematician and scientist [[René Descartes]] suggested placing an eye of a recently dead man (or if a dead man was unavailable, the eye of an ox) into an opening in a darkened room and scraping away the flesh at the back until one could see the inverted image formed on the retina.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YSUUONfamiEC&pg=PA36|title=Theatre and Performance Design: A Reader in Scenography|last1=Collins|first1=Jane|year=2012|first2=Andrew|last2=Nisbet|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136344527|access-date=20 December 2019|archive-date=10 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110062812/https://books.google.com/books?id=YSUUONfamiEC&pg=PA36#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:1642 Mario Bettini - Apiaria universae philosophiae mathematica.jpg|thumb|Illustration of a twelve-hole ''camera obscura'' from Bettini's ''Apiaria universae philosophiae mathematicae'' (1642)]]
Italian Jesuit philosopher, mathematician, and astronomer [[Mario Bettinus|Mario Bettini]] wrote about making a ''camera obscura'' with twelve holes in his ''Apiaria universae philosophiae mathematicae'' (1642). When a foot soldier would stand in front of the camera, a twelve-person army of soldiers making the same movements would be projected.

French mathematician, [[Minim (religious order)|Minim friar]], and painter of [[Anamorphosis|anamorphic art]] [[Jean François Niceron|Jean-François Nicéron]] (1613–1646) wrote about the ''camera obscura'' with convex lenses. He explained how the ''camera obscura'' could be used by painters to achieve perfect perspective in their work. He also complained how charlatans abused the ''camera obscura'' to fool witless spectators and make them believe that the projections were magic or occult science. These writings were published in a posthumous version of ''La Perspective Curieuse'' (1652).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_7xMOAAAAQAAJ|title=La Perspective curieuse|publisher=Chez la veufue F. Langlois, dit Chartres|year=1652|last=Nicéron|first=Jean François|language=fr}}</ref>