Editing CT scan (section)

=== Head ===
{{main|Computed tomography of the head}}
[[File:Computed tomography of human brain - large.png|thumb|Computed tomography of [[human brain]], from [[base of the skull]] to top. Taken with intravenous contrast medium. {{noprint|[[Commons: Scrollable computed tomography images of a normal brain]]}}]]
CT scanning of the head is typically used to detect [[infarction]] ([[stroke]]), [[Neoplasm|tumors]], [[calcification]]s, [[haemorrhage]], and bone [[Major trauma|trauma]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pUVwDwAAQBAJ&q=CT+scanning+of+the+head+is+typically+used+to+detect&pg=PA389 |title=Critical Care Transport |last2=American College of Emergency Physicians |last3=UMBC |date=2017-03-20 |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning |isbn=978-1-284-04099-9 |page=389}}</ref> Of the above, [[hypodense]] (dark) structures can indicate [[edema]] and infarction, hyperdense (bright) structures indicate calcifications and haemorrhage and bone trauma can be seen as disjunction in bone windows. Tumors can be detected by the swelling and anatomical distortion they cause, or by surrounding edema. CT scanning of the head is also used in CT-[[image guided surgery|guided]] [[stereotactic surgery]] and [[radiosurgery]] for treatment of intracranial tumors, [[arteriovenous malformation]]s, and other surgically treatable conditions using a device known as the [[N-localizer]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Galloway |first=RL Jr. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ioxongEACAAJ |title=Image-Guided Neurosurgery |publisher=Elsevier |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-12-800870-6 |editor-last=Golby |editor-first=AJ |location=Amsterdam |pages=3–4 |chapter=Introduction and Historical Perspectives on Image-Guided Surgery}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Tse |first1=VCK |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uEghr21XY6wC |title=Principles and Practice of Stereotactic Radiosurgery |last2=Kalani |first2=MYS |last3=Adler |first3=JR |publisher=Springer |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-387-71070-9 |editor-last=Chin |editor-first=LS |location=New York |page=28 |chapter=Techniques of Stereotactic Localization |editor-last2=Regine |editor-first2=WF}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Saleh |first1=H |title=Stereotactic Radiosurgery and Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy |last2=Kassas |first2=B |publisher=CRC Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-4398-4198-3 |editor-last=Benedict |editor-first=SH |location=Boca Raton |pages=156–159 |chapter=Developing Stereotactic Frames for Cranial Treatment |editor-last2=Schlesinger |editor-first2=DJ |editor-last3=Goetsch |editor-first3=SJ |editor-last4=Kavanagh |editor-first4=BD |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pm3RBQAAQBAJ&q=Developing+Stereotactic+Frames+for+Cranial+Treatment&pg=PA153}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Khan |first1=FR |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mAN3MAEACAAJ&q=0444534970 |title=Brain Stimulation |last2=Henderson |first2=JM |series=Handbook of Clinical Neurology |publisher=Elsevier |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-444-53497-2 |editor-last=Lozano |editor-first=AM |volume=116 |location=Amsterdam |pages=28–30 |chapter=Deep Brain Stimulation Surgical Techniques |doi=10.1016/B978-0-444-53497-2.00003-6 |pmid=24112882 |editor-last2=Hallet |editor-first2=M}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Arle |first=J |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cnF-2KCeR1sC&q=Textbook+of+Stereotactic+and+Functional+Neurosurgery |title=Textbook of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery |publisher=Springer-Verlag |year=2009 |isbn=978-3-540-69959-0 |editor-last=Lozano |editor-first=AM |location=Berlin |pages=456–461 |chapter=Development of a Classic: the Todd-Wells Apparatus, the BRW, and the CRW Stereotactic Frames |editor-last2=Gildenberg |editor-first2=PL |editor-last3=Tasker |editor-first3=RR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brown RA, Nelson JA |date=June 2012 |title=Invention of the N-localizer for stereotactic neurosurgery and its use in the Brown-Roberts-Wells stereotactic frame |journal=Neurosurgery |volume=70 |issue=2 Supplement Operative |pages=173–176 |doi=10.1227/NEU.0b013e318246a4f7 |pmid=22186842 |s2cid=36350612}}</ref>