Editing CERN (section)

=== Decommissioned accelerators ===
* The original linear accelerator [[LINAC 1]]. Operated 1959–1992.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Haseroth|first1=H.|url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/242664|title=History, developments and recent performance of the CERN linac 1|last2=Hill|first2=C. E.|last3=Langbein|first3=K.|last4=Tanke|first4=E.|last5=Taylor|first5=C.|last6=Têtu|first6=P.|last7=Warner|first7=D.|last8=Weiss|first8=M.|year=1992}}</ref>
* The [[LINAC 2]] linear accelerator injector. Accelerated protons to 50&nbsp;[[Megaelectronvolt|MeV]] for injection into the Proton Synchrotron Booster (PSB). Operated 1978–2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cerncourier.com/a/the-tale-of-a-billion-trillion-protons/|title=The tale of a billion-trillion protons|date=30 November 2018|website=CERN Courier}}</ref>
* The 600&nbsp;MeV [[Synchro-Cyclotron (CERN)|Synchro-Cyclotron]] (SC) which started operation in 1957 and was shut down in 1991. Was made into a public exhibition in 2012–2013.<ref>{{Cite journal|editor-last=Fidecaro|editor-first=Giuseppe|title=SC 33 symposium at CERN: Thirty-three years of physics at the CERN synchro-cyclotron; Geneva (Switzerland); 22 Apr 1991|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/physics-reports/vol/225/issue/1|journal=Physics Reports|volume=225|issue=1–3|pages=1–191}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://home.cern/news/news/accelerators/synchrocyclotron-prepares-visitors|title=The Synchrocyclotron prepares for visitors|website=CERN|date=28 September 2023 }}</ref>
* The [[Intersecting Storage Rings]] (ISR), an early collider built from 1966 to 1971 and operated until 1984.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hübner|first=Kurt|year=2012|title=The CERN intersecting storage rings (ISR)|url=https://link.springer.com/10.1140/epjh/e2011-20058-8|journal=The European Physical Journal H|language=en|volume=36|issue=4|pages=509–522|doi=10.1140/epjh/e2011-20058-8|bibcode=2012EPJH...36..509H|s2cid=120690134|issn=2102-6459}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Myers|first=Stephen|title=The CERN Intersecting Storage Rings|url=https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/9789814436403_0009|work=Challenges and Goals for Accelerators in the XXI Century|pages=135–151|year=2016|publisher=World Scientific|language=en|doi=10.1142/9789814436403_0009|bibcode=2016cgat.book..135M|isbn=978-981-4436-39-7|s2cid=61403290 |access-date=2021-03-02}}</ref>
* The [[Super Proton–Antiproton Synchrotron]] (Sp{{overline|p}}S), operated 1981–1991.<ref>{{Citation|last=Schmidt|first=Rudiger|title=The CERN SPS proton–antiproton collider|url=https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/9789814436403_0010|work=Challenges and Goals for Accelerators in the XXI Century|pages=153–167|year=2016|publisher=World Scientific|language=en|doi=10.1142/9789814436403_0010|bibcode=2016cgat.book..153S|isbn=978-981-4436-39-7|access-date=2021-03-02}}</ref> A modification of Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) to operate as a proton-antiproton collider.
* The [[Large Electron–Positron Collider]] (LEP), which operated 1989–2000 and was the largest machine of its kind, housed in a 27&nbsp;km-long circular tunnel which now houses the [[Large Hadron Collider]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schopper |first=Herwig |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-3-540-89301-1 |title=LEP – The Lord of the Collider Rings at CERN 1980-2000 |year=2009 |isbn=978-3-540-89300-4 |language=en-gb |bibcode=2009llcr.book.....S |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-89301-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Picasso|first=Emilio|year=2012|title=A few memories from the days at LEP|url=https://link.springer.com/10.1140/epjh/e2011-20050-0|journal=The European Physical Journal H|language=en|volume=36|issue=4|pages=551–562|doi=10.1140/epjh/e2011-20050-0|bibcode=2012EPJH...36..551P|s2cid=119553748|issn=2102-6459}}</ref>
* The [[LEP Pre-Injector]] (LPI) accelerator complex,<ref>{{Cite conference |last1=Battisti |first1=S. |last2=Bossart |first2=R. |last3=Delahaye |first3=J. P. |last4=Hubner |first4=K. |last5=Garoby |first5=R. |last6=Kugler |first6=H. |last7=Krusche |first7=A. |last8=Madsen |first8=J. H. B. |last9=Potier |first9=J. P. |publisher=IEEE |year=1989 |location=Chicago |pages=1815–1817 |chapter=Progress report on the LEP Pre-injector |bibcode=1989pac..conf.1815B |doi=10.1109/PAC.1989.72934 |chapter-url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/72934 |last10=Riche |first10=A. |last11=Rinolfi |first11=L. |title=Accelerator Science and Technology |conference=1989 IEEE Particle Accelerator Conference |s2cid=122800040|url=http://cds.cern.ch/record/2844301 }}</ref> consisting of two accelerators, a linear accelerator called [[LEP Injector Linac]] (LIL; itself consisting of two back-to-back linear accelerators called LIL V and LIL W) and a circular accelerator called [[Electron Positron Accumulator]] (EPA).<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Battisti|first1=S.|url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/165032/|title=The design of the LEP electron positron accumulator (EPA)|last2=Bell|first2=M.|last3=Delahaye|first3=J. P.|last4=Krusche|first4=A.|last5=Kugler|first5=H.|last6=Madsen|first6=J. H. B.|last7=Poncet|first7=Alain|year=1984}}</ref> The purpose of these accelerators was to inject positron and electron beams into the CERN accelerator complex (more precisely, to the Proton Synchrotron), to be delivered to LEP after many stages of acceleration. Operational 1987–2001; after the shutdown of LEP and the completion of experiments that were directly fed by the LPI, the LPI facility was adapted to be used for the [[CLIC Test Facility 3]] (CTF3).<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Corsini |first=Roberto |year=2017 |others=Schaa, Volker RW (Ed.), Arduini Gianluigi (Ed.), Pranke Juliana (Ed.), Seidel Mike (Ed.), Lindroos Mats (Ed.) |title=Final Results From the Clic Test Facility (CTF3) |url=https://jacow.org/ipac2017/doi/JACoW-IPAC2017-TUZB1.html |journal=Proceedings of the 8th International Particle Accelerator Conference |language=en |volume=IPAC2017 |pages=6 pages, 0.817 MB |doi=10.18429/JACOW-IPAC2017-TUZB1}}</ref>
* The [[Low Energy Antiproton Ring]] (LEAR) was commissioned in 1982. LEAR assembled the first pieces of true [[antimatter]], in 1995, consisting of nine atoms of [[antihydrogen]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Möhl|first=D.|url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/388662|title=LEAR, history and early achievements|year=1999}}</ref> It was closed in 1996, and superseded by the [[Antiproton Decelerator]]. The LEAR apparatus itself was reconfigured into the [[Low Energy Ion Ring]] (LEIR) ion booster.<ref name="Chanel 2004 137–143"/>
* The [[Antiproton Accumulator]] (AA), built 1979–1980, operations ended in 1997 and the machine was dismantled. Stored antiprotons produced by the Proton Synchrotron (PS) for use in other experiments and accelerators (for example the ISR, Sp{{overline|p}}S and LEAR). For later half of its working life operated in tandem with [[Antiproton Collector]] (AC), to form the Antiproton Accumulation Complex (AAC).<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Koziol|first1=H.|last2=Möhl|first2=D.|year=2004|title=The CERN antiproton collider programme: accelerators and accumulation rings|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0370157304003503|journal=Physics Reports|language=en|volume=403-404|pages=91–106|doi=10.1016/j.physrep.2004.09.001|bibcode=2004PhR...403...91K}}</ref>
* The [[Antiproton Collector]] (AC),<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Autin|first=Bruno|year=1984|title=The CERN antiproton collector|url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/156910|journal=CERN Reports|language=en|volume=CERN-84-15|pages=525–541|doi=10.5170/CERN-1984-015.525}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wilson|first=Edmund J N|year=1983|title=Design study of an antiproton collector for the antiproton accumulator (ACOL)|url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/148148|journal=CERN Reports|language=en|volume=CERN-83-10|doi=10.5170/CERN-1983-010}}</ref> built 1986–1987, operations ended in 1997 and the machine was converted into the [[Antiproton Decelerator]] (AD), which is the successor machine for [[Low Energy Antiproton Ring]] (LEAR). Operated in tandem with [[Antiproton Accumulator]] (AA) and the pair formed the Antiproton Accumulation Complex (AAC),<ref name=":3" /> whose purpose was to store antiprotons produced by the Proton Synchrotron (PS) for use in other experiments and accelerators, like the [[Low Energy Antiproton Ring]] (LEAR) and [[Super Proton–Antiproton Synchrotron]] (Sp{{overline|p}}S).
* The [[CTF3|Compact Linear Collider Test Facility 3]] (CTF3), which studied feasibility for the future normal conducting linear collider project (the [[Compact Linear Collider|CLIC]] collider). In operation 2001–2016.<ref name=":2" /> One of its beamlines has been converted, from 2017 on, into the new CERN Linear Electron Accelerator for Research (CLEAR) facility.