Editing Bushranger (section)

==Legacy==
The impact of bushrangers upon the areas in which they roamed is evidenced in the names of many geographical features in Australia, including [[Tamar River|Brady's Lookout]], [[Moondyne Cave]], the township of [[Codrington, Victoria|Codrington]], [[Mount Tennent]], [[Thunderbolts Way]] and [[List of caves within the Jenolan Caves karst|Ward's Mistake]]. The districts of [[North East Victoria]] are unofficially known as Kelly Country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ned Kelly and the myth of a republic of North-Eastern Victoria |url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-693738481 |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=National Library of Australia |language=en}}</ref>

Some bushrangers made a mark on [[Australian literature]]. While running from soldiers in 1818, Michael Howe dropped a knapsack containing a self-made book of kangaroo skin and written in kangaroo blood. In it was a [[dream diary]] and plans for a settlement he intended to found in the bush.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-25 |title=How 'demon bushranger' Michael Howe fought off a 'drunken buffoon' governor and won |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-02-26/thomas-davey-lachlan-macquarie-michael-howe-hobart-history/101827778 |access-date=2024-03-24 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU}}</ref> Sometime bushranger Francis MacNamara, also known as [[Frank the Poet]], wrote some of the best-known poems of the convict era. Several convict bushrangers also wrote autobiographies, including Jackey Jackey, [[Martin Cash]] and [[Owen Suffolk]].

===Cultural depictions===
[[File:Thunderbolt.JPG|thumb|A statue of Captain Thunderbolt, Uralla, New South Wales]]
Jack Donahue was the first bushranger to have inspired [[bush ballad]]s, including "Bold Jack Donahue" and "[[The Wild Colonial Boy]]".<ref name="RTA – Windsor Rd">{{cite web |url=http://www.rta.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/index.cgi?action=heritage.show&id=4301011 |title=Old Windsor Road and Windsor Road Heritage Precincts |work=Heritage and conservation register |publisher=[[Roads & Traffic Authority]] |access-date=2007-04-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070903200821/http://www.rta.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/index.cgi?action=heritage.show&id=4301011 |archive-date=3 September 2007 }}</ref> Ben Hall and his gang were the subject of several bush ballads, including "[[Streets of Forbes]]".

Michael Howe inspired the earliest play set in Tasmania, ''[[Michael Howe, The Terror of Van Diemen's Land]]'', which premiered at [[The Old Vic]] in London in 1821. Other early plays about bushrangers include [[David Burn]]'s ''[[The Bushrangers (Burn play)|The Bushrangers]]'' (1829), [[William Leman Rede]]'s ''Faith and Falsehood; or, The Fate of the Bushranger'' (1830), [[William Thomas Moncrieff]]'s ''Van Diemen's Land: An Operatic Drama'' (1831), ''[[The Bushrangers|The Bushrangers; or, Norwood Vale]]'' (1834) by [[Henry Melville]], and ''[[The Bushrangers, a Play in Five Acts, and Other Poems|The Bushrangers; or, The Tregedy of Donohoe]]'' (1835) by [[Charles Harpur]].

In the late 19th century, [[E. W. Hornung]] and [[Hume Nisbet]] created popular bushranger novels within the conventions of the European "noble bandit" tradition. First serialised in ''[[The Sydney Mail]]'' in 1882–83, [[Rolf Boldrewood]]'s bushranging novel ''[[Robbery Under Arms]]'' is considered a classic of Australian colonial literature. It also cited as an important influence on the American writer [[Owen Wister]]'s 1902 novel ''[[The Virginian (novel)|The Virginian]]'', widely regarded as the first [[Western fiction|Western]].<ref>Graulich, Melody; Tatum, Stephen. ''Reading the Virginian in the New West''. Lincoln, Nebraska: [[University of Nebraska Press]], 2003. {{ISBN|0-8032-7104-2}}</ref>

Bushrangers were a favoured subject of colonial artists such as [[S. T. Gill]], [[Frank P. Mahony]] and [[William Strutt (artist)|William Strutt]]. [[Tom Roberts]], one of the leading figures of the [[Heidelberg School]] (also known as [[Australian Impressionism]]), depicted bushrangers in some of his history paintings, including ''[[In a corner on the Macintyre]]'' (1894) and ''[[Bailed Up]]'' (1895), both set in [[Inverell]], the area where Captain Thunderbolt was once active.

<gallery mode="packed" heights="175">
File:William Strutt A Bush Hold Up.jpg|[[William Strutt (artist)|William Strutt]], ''A bush hold-up'', 1855
File:William Reay Frank Gardiner.jpg|William Reay's portrait of Frank Gardiner, 1867
File:Tom Roberts - Bailed up - Google Art Project.jpg|[[Tom Roberts]]' 1895 painting ''[[Bailed Up]]'' depicts a [[Cobb & Co]] hold up from the 1860s
File:Frank Mahony - As in the days of old, 1892.jpg|[[Frank P. Mahony]], ''As in the days of old'', 1892
</gallery>

====Film====
[[File:The Story of the Kelly Gang 1906.jpg|thumb|Actor playing Ned Kelly in ''[[The Story of the Kelly Gang]]'' (1906), the world's first feature-length narrative film]]
Although not the first Australian film with a bushranging theme, ''[[The Story of the Kelly Gang]]'' (1906)—the world's first [[feature film|feature-length]] [[fictional film|narrative film]]—is regarded as having set the template for the genre. On the back of the film's success, its producers released [[Robbery Under Arms (1907 Tait film)|one of two 1907 film adaptations]] of Boldrewood's ''Robbery Under Arms'' (the other being [[Charles MacMahon (theatre)|Charles MacMahon's]] [[Robbery Under Arms (1907 MacMahon film)|version]]). Entering the first "golden age" of Australian cinema (1910–12), director [[John Gavin (director)|John Gavin]] released two fictionalised accounts of real-life bushrangers: ''[[Moonlite]]'' (1910) and ''[[Thunderbolt (1910 film)|Thunderbolt]]'' (1910). The genre's popularity with audiences led to a spike of production unprecedented in world cinema.<ref name=chron>[http://aso.gov.au/chronology/1910s/ Australian film and television chronology: The 1910s] {{webarchive|url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20160829080323/http://aso.gov.au/chronology/1910s/ |date=29 August 2016 }}, Australian Screen. Retrieved 8 October 2015.</ref> ''[[Dan Morgan (film)|Dan Morgan]]'' (1911) is notable for portraying its title character as an insane villain rather than a figure of romance. Ben Hall, Frank Gardiner, Captain Starlight, and numerous other bushrangers also received cinematic treatments at this time.

Alarmed by what they saw as the glorification of outlawry, state governments [[bushranger ban|imposed a ban on bushranger films]] in 1912, effectively removing "the entire folklore relating to bushrangers ... from the most popular form of cultural expression."<ref>Cooper, Ross; Pike, Andrew. ''Australian Film, 1900–1977: A Guide to Feature Film Production''. [[Oxford University Press]], 1998. {{ISBN|9780195507843}}.</ref> It is seen as a major reason for the collapse of a booming Australian film industry.<ref>Reade, Eric (1970) ''Australian Silent Films: A Pictorial History of Silent Films from 1896 to 1926''. Melbourne: Lansdowne Press, 59. See also [http://archive.sensesofcinema.com/contents/01/18/oz_western.html Routt, William D. More Australian than Aristotelian:The Australian Bushranger Film, 1904–1914. ''Senses of Cinema'' 18 (January–February), 2002] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224214514/http://archive.sensesofcinema.com/contents/01/18/oz_western.html |date=24 December 2010 }}. The banning of bushranger films in NSW is fictionalised in [[Kathryn Heyman]]'s 2006 novel, ''Captain Starlight's Apprentice''.</ref> One of the few Australian films to escape the ban before it was lifted in the 1940s is the [[Robbery Under Arms (1920 film)|1920 adaptation]] of ''Robbery Under Arms''.<ref name=chron/> Also during this lull appeared American takes on the bushranger genre, including ''[[The Bushranger (1928 film)|The Bushranger]]'' (1928), ''[[Stingaree (1934 film)|Stingaree]]'' (1934) and ''[[Captain Fury]]'' (1939).

''[[Ned Kelly (1970 film)|Ned Kelly]]'' (1970) starred [[Mick Jagger]] in the title role. [[Dennis Hopper]] portrayed Dan Morgan in ''[[Mad Dog Morgan]]'' (1976). More recent bushranger films include [[Ned Kelly (2003 film)|''Ned Kelly'']] (2003), starring [[Heath Ledger]], ''[[The Proposition (2005 film)|The Proposition]]'' (2005), written by [[Nick Cave]], ''[[The Outlaw Michael Howe]]'' (2013), and ''[[The Legend of Ben Hall]]'' (2016).