Editing Buffalo, New York (section)

===Climate===
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|source    = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usclimatedata.com/climate/buffalo/new-york/united-states/usny0181 |title=Climate Buffalo – New York |publisher=US Climate Data (usclimatedata.com) |access-date=May 10, 2021 |archive-date=February 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225095903/https://www.usclimatedata.com/climate/buffalo/new-york/united-states/usny0181 |url-status=live}}</ref>
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[[File:Snow removal via frontloader on Cottage Street after December 2019 winter storm, Buffalo, New York - 20191211.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Snowy city streets, seen from above|Buffalo in winter, 2019]]

Buffalo has a [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: [[humid continental climate#Hot summer subtype|Dfa]]),<ref name="Peel">{{cite journal |author1=Peel, M. C. |author2=Finlayson B. L. |author3=McMahon, T. A. |year=2007 |title=Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification |url=https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf |journal=Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=1633–1644 |doi=10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007 |bibcode=2007HESS...11.1633P |issn=1027-5606 |doi-access=free |access-date=June 9, 2021 |archive-date=December 2, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202204538/https://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name = "nws">{{Cite web |last=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |title=Buffalo Climate Narrative |url=https://www.weather.gov/buf/BUFclifo |url-status=live |access-date=2021-05-10 |website=National Weather Service |language=EN-US |archive-date=March 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321105641/https://www.weather.gov/buf/BUFclifo}}</ref> and temperatures have been [[Climate change in the U.S.|warming]] with the rest of the US.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Paul |first1=Don |title=Don Paul: Weather's 'new normals' are really new averages |url=https://buffalonews.com/weather/don-paul-weathers-new-normals-are-really-new-averages/article_10eb87bc-b130-11eb-bcee-3f18b07eec11.html |url-access = limited |website=[[The Buffalo News]] |access-date=10 May 2021 |language=en |date=May 10, 2021 |archive-date=May 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511050301/https://subscribe.buffalonews.com/e/limit-reached-bn?returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Fbuffalonews.com%2Fweather%2Fdon-paul-weathers-new-normals-are-really-new-averages%2Farticle_10eb87bc-b130-11eb-bcee-3f18b07eec11.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Lake-effect snow]] is characteristic of Buffalo winters, with [[Snowsquall#Frontal snowsquall|snow bands]] (producing intense snowfall in the city and surrounding area) depending on wind direction off Lake Erie.<ref name="SnowBands">{{cite journal |last1=Niziol |first1=Thomas A. |last2=Snyder |first2=Warren R. |last3=Waldstreicher |first3=Jeff S. |title=Winter Weather Forecasting throughout the Eastern United States. Part IV: Lake Effect Snow |journal=[[Weather and Forecasting]] |date=1 March 1995 |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=63–66 |doi=10.1175/1520-0434(1995)010<0061:WWFTTE>2.0.CO;2 |bibcode=1995WtFor..10...61N |url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/downloadpdf/journals/wefo/2/4/1520-0434_1987_002_0310_ofoles_2_0_co_2.xml |access-date=10 May 2021 |archive-date=May 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511050301/https://journals.ametsoc.org/downloadpdf/journals/wefo/2/4/1520-0434_1987_002_0310_ofoles_2_0_co_2.pdf |url-status=live|doi-access=free }}{{open access}}</ref> However, Buffalo is rarely the [[Golden Snowball Award|snowiest city in the state]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Blechmen |first=Jerome B. |date=1996 |title=A comparison between mean monthly temperature and mean monthly snowfall in New York State |journal=[[National Weather Digest]] |volume=20 |issue=4 |page=42 |citeseerx=10.1.1.664.7098}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Kirst |first1=Sean |title=Golden Snowball is symbol of upstate winters. So where is it? |url=https://buffalonews.com/opinion/columnists/golden-snowball-is-symbol-of-upstate-winters-so-where-is-it/article_b008c293-d9ab-5a66-9bfd-bee74769371a.html |url-access=limited |website=[[The Buffalo News]] |access-date=12 May 2021 |language=en |date=December 15, 2016 |archive-date=May 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516083007/https://subscribe.buffalonews.com/e/limit-reached-bn?returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Fbuffalonews.com%2Fopinion%2Fcolumnists%2Fgolden-snowball-is-symbol-of-upstate-winters-so-where-is-it%2Farticle_b008c293-d9ab-5a66-9bfd-bee74769371a.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Blizzard of 1977]] resulted from a combination of high winds and snow which accumulated on land and on the frozen [[Lake Erie]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dewey |first=Kenneth F. |date=December 1977 |title=Lake-effect Snowstorms and the Record Breaking 1976–77 Snowfall to the Lee of Lakes Erie and Ontario |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00431672.1977.9931836 |url-access=subscription |journal=[[Weatherwise]] |language=en |volume=30 |issue=6 |pages=230–231 |doi=10.1080/00431672.1977.9931836 |bibcode=1977Weawi..30f.228D |issn=0043-1672 |access-date=May 10, 2021 |archive-date=May 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511050301/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00431672.1977.9931836 |url-status=live}}</ref> Although snow does not typically impair the city's operation, it can cause significant damage in autumn (as the [[Lake Storm Aphid|October 2006 storm]] did).<ref name = "Arborgeddon">{{Cite journal |last=Freedman |first=Andrew |date=January 2007 |title=Anatomy of a Forecast: 'Arborgeddon' Takes Buffalo by Surprise |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3200/WEWI.60.4.16-21 |url-access=subscription |journal=[[Weatherwise]] |language=en |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=16–21 |doi=10.3200/WEWI.60.4.16-21 |bibcode=2007Weawi..60d..16F |s2cid=191572229 |issn=0043-1672 |access-date=May 10, 2021 |archive-date=May 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511050333/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3200/WEWI.60.4.16-21 |url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2014 (called "[[November 13–21, 2014 North American winter storm|Snowvember]]"), the region had a [[November 13–21, 2014 North American winter storm|record-breaking storm]] which produced over {{cvt|5+1/2|ft|in cm}} of snow.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vermette |first=Stephen |date=2015-07-04 |title=Enough Already! Buffalo's Snowvember |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00431672.2015.1045369 |url-access=subscription |journal=[[Weatherwise]] |language=en |volume=68 |issue=4 |pages=34–39 |doi=10.1080/00431672.2015.1045369 |bibcode=2015Weawi..68d..34V |s2cid=191715976 |issn=0043-1672 |access-date=May 10, 2021 |archive-date=May 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511050303/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00431672.2015.1045369 |url-status=live}}</ref> Buffalo's lowest recorded temperature was {{cvt|−20|°F|0}}, which occurred twice: on February 9, 1934, and February 2, 1961.<ref name="NWSDailyRecords" />

Although the city's summers are drier and sunnier than other cities in the northeastern United States, its vegetation receives enough precipitation to remain hydrated.<ref name="nws" /> Buffalo summers are characterized by abundant sunshine, with moderate [[humidity]] and temperatures;<ref name="nws" /> the city benefits from cool, southwestern Lake Erie summer breezes which temper warmer temperatures.<ref name="nws" /><ref name="USGSMap" /> Temperatures rise above {{cvt|90|F|1}} an average of three times a year.<ref name="nws" /> No official recording of {{cvt|100|F|1}} or more has occurred to date, with a maximum temperature of {{convert|99|F}} reached on August 27, 1948.<ref name ="NWSDailyRecords">{{cite web |title=Buffalo Daily Records |url=https://www.weather.gov/buf/BUFRecords |website=[[National Weather Service]] |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |access-date=10 May 2021 |language=EN-US |archive-date=March 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329192315/https://www.weather.gov/buf/BUFRecords |url-status=live}}</ref> Rainfall is moderate, typically falling at night, and cooler lake temperatures hinder storm development in July.<ref name="nws" /><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fortner |first1=Rosanne W |url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED361227.pdf |title=The Great Lake Erie: a reference text for educators and communicators |last2=Mayer |first2=Victor J |publisher=[[Ohio State University|Ohio State University Research Foundation]] |year=1987 |pages=41, 48 |chapter=The Effect of Lake Erie on Climate |oclc=22509849 |access-date=May 10, 2021 |archive-date=February 17, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217163647/http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED361227.pdf |url-status=live}}{{open access}}</ref> August is usually rainier and [[wikt:muggier|muggier]], as the warmer lake loses its temperature-controlling ability.<ref name="nws" />

{{Buffalo, New York weatherbox}}