Editing Borneo (section)

===Early history===
[[File:Dayaks in their war dress.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Dayak people|Dayak]], the main [[indigenous people]] of the island, were feared for their [[headhunting]] practices.]]

In November 2018, scientists reported the discovery of the oldest known [[Figurative art|figurative art painting]], over 40,000 (perhaps as old as 52,000) years old, of an unknown animal, in the cave of [[Lubang Jeriji Saléh]] on the island of Borneo.<ref name="NYT-20181107-cz">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |author-link=Carl Zimmer |title=In Cave in Borneo Jungle, Scientists Find Oldest Figurative Painting in the World - A cave drawing in Borneo is at least 40,000 years old, raising intriguing questions about creativity in ancient societies. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/07/science/oldest-cave-art-borneo.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/07/science/oldest-cave-art-borneo.html |archive-date=1 January 2022 |url-access=limited |date=7 November 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=8 November 2018 }}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="NAT-20181107">{{cite journal |author=Aubert, M.|display-authors=et al |title=Palaeolithic cave art in Borneo |date=7 November 2018 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=564 |issue=7735 |pages=254–257 |doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0679-9 |pmid=30405242 |bibcode=2018Natur.564..254A |s2cid=53208538 }}</ref> It has been proposed, based on house construction styles, linguistic and genetic evidence, that Madagascar may have been first populated from southern Borneo.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

According to ancient Chinese (977),<ref>{{cite book|last=Cœdès|first=George|author-link=George Coedès|title=The Indianized States of South-East Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iDyJBFTdiwoC|year=1968|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-0368-1}}</ref>{{rp|129}} Indian and Japanese manuscripts, western coastal cities of Borneo had become trading ports by the first millennium AD.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Trade in Lakawood Products Between South China and the Malay World from the Twelfth to Fifteenth Centuries AD|author=Derek Heng Thiam Soon|journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies|volume=32|issue=2|pages=133–149|date=June 2001|doi=10.1017/S0022463401000066|s2cid=162474082}}</ref> In Chinese manuscripts, gold, [[camphor]], [[tortoise]] shells, [[hornbill ivory]], [[rhinoceros]] horn, [[Crane (bird)|crane crest]], [[beeswax]], [[lakawood]] (a scented heartwood and root wood of a thick [[liana]], ''Dalbergia parviflora''), [[dragon's blood]], [[rattan]], edible [[bird's nest soup|bird's nests]] and various spices were described as among the most valuable items from Borneo.<ref name="Broek1962">{{cite journal|title=Place Names in 16th and 17th Century Borneo|author=Jan O. M. Broek|journal=Imago Mundi|volume=16|year=1962|pages=129–148|jstor=1150309|doi=10.1080/03085696208592208}}</ref> The [[demographics of India|Indians]] named Borneo ''Suvarnabhumi'' (the land of gold) and also ''Karpuradvipa'' (Camphor Island). The [[Javanese people|Javanese]] named Borneo ''Puradvipa'', or Diamond Island. [[Archaeological]] findings in the Sarawak river delta reveal that the area was a thriving centre of trade between India and China from the 6th century until about 1300.<ref name="Broek1962"/>

[[File:Brunei territorial lose (1400–1890).gif|thumb|right|Territorial loss of the [[thalassocracy]] of the [[Bruneian Empire|Sultanate of Brunei]] from 1400 to 1890 due to the beginning of [[Western imperialism]]]]

Stone pillars bearing inscriptions in the [[Pallava script]], found in [[Kutai]] along the [[Mahakam River]] in [[East Kalimantan]] and dating to around the second half of the 4th century, constitute some of the oldest evidence of [[Hindu]] influence in Southeast Asia.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives|publisher=E Press, The Australian National University|chapter=(Chapter 15) The Earliest Indic State: Kutai|url=http://epress.anu.edu.au/austronesians/austronesians/mobile_devices/ch15s02.html|year=2006|access-date=1 October 2009|isbn=978-1-920942-85-4|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225113933/http://epress.anu.edu.au/austronesians/austronesians/mobile_devices/ch15s02.html|archive-date=25 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> By the 14th century, Borneo became a [[vassal state]] of [[Majapahit]] (in present-day Indonesia),<ref>{{cite book|author=Peter SkalnÃk|title=Outwitting the State|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ddj7FIkxFu0C&pg=PA41|date=1 January 1989|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-1-4128-3041-6|pages=41–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Ooi |first=Keat Gin |author-link=Keat Gin Ooi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NjqvCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA90 |title=Early Modern Southeast Asia, 1350–1800 |author2=Hoang Anh Tuan |date=8 October 2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-55919-1 |pages=90–}}</ref> later changing its allegiance to the [[Ming dynasty]] of China.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/bitstream/140.119/68001/1/015101.pdf|title=Malaysia-Philippines Territorial Dispute: The Sabah Case|author1=Mohammad Al-Mahdi Tan Kho|author2=Hurng-yu Chen|publisher=NCCU Institutional Repository|work=[[National Chengchi University]]|date=July 2014|access-date=23 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509133532/http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/bitstream/140.119/68001/1/015101.pdf |archive-date=9 May 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Pre-Islamic Sulu, then known locally as [[Lupah Sug]], stretched from Palawan and the Sulu archipelago at the Philippines; to [[Sabah]], [[East Kalimantan|Eastern]], and [[North Kalimantan|Northern Kalimantan]] in Borneo.<ref>[https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/228735802.pdf Reading Song-Ming Records on the Pre-colonial History of the Philippines] By Wang Zhenping Page 258.</ref> The Sulu empire rose as a rebellion and reaction against former Majapahit Imperialism against Sulu which Majapahit briefly occupied. The religion of [[Islam]] entered the island in the 10th century,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2014/08/25/islam-arrived-in-sabah-in-10th-century/|title=Islam arrived in Sabah in 10th century|author=Mariah Doksil|newspaper=The Borneo Post|date=25 August 2014|access-date=11 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160711125321/http://www.theborneopost.com/2014/08/25/islam-arrived-in-sabah-in-10th-century/ |archive-date=11 July 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> following the arrival of Muslim traders who later converted many indigenous peoples in the coastal areas.<ref>{{cite web|title=Islam In Indonesia. A resource of Islam in the archipelago|url=https://islaminindonesia.com/life-style/|access-date=1 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707075222/https://islaminindonesia.com/life-style/|archive-date=7 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Sultanate of Brunei declared independence from Majapahit following the death of the Majapahit emperor in the mid-14th century. During its golden age under [[Bolkiah]] from the 15th to the 17th century, the Bruneian sultanate ruled almost the entire coastal area of Borneo (lending its name to the island due to its influence in the region) and several islands in the Philippines.<ref name=history/> During the 1450s, [[Sharif ul-Hāshim of Sulu|Shari'ful Hashem Syed Abu Bakr]], an Arab born in [[Johor]],<ref>{{cite book|author1=K. S. Nathan|author2=Mohammad Hashim Kamali|title=Islam in Southeast Asia: Political, Social and Strategic Challenges for the 21st Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O8d6BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA62|date=January 2005|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=978-981-230-282-3|pages=62–}}</ref> arrived in Sulu from Malacca. In 1457, he founded the [[Sultanate of Sulu]]; he titled himself as "Paduka Maulana Mahasari Sharif Sultan Hashem Abu Bakr".<ref>{{cite book|author=Shinzō Hayase|title=Mindanao Ethnohistory Beyond Nations: Maguindanao, Sangir, and Bagobo Societies in East Maritime Southeast Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HEGBAAAAMAAJ|year=2007|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-971-550-511-6}}</ref> Following its independence in 1578 from Brunei's influence,<ref>{{cite book|first1=Trudy|last1=Ring|first2=Robert M|last2=Salkin|first3=Sharon|last3=La Boda|title=International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC&pg=PA160|date=January 1996|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-884964-04-6|pages=160–}}</ref> Sulu began to expand its [[thalassocracy]] to parts of the northern Borneo.<ref name=thalassocracy/><ref name="Hussainmiya2006">{{cite book|author=Bachamiya Abdul Hussainmiya|title=Brunei: revival of 1906 : a popular history|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q7UuAQAAIAAJ|year=2006|publisher=Brunei Press|isbn=978-99917-32-15-2}}</ref> Both the sultanates who ruled northern Borneo had traditionally engaged in trade with China by means of the frequently-arriving Chinese [[junk (ship)|junk]]s.<ref>{{cite book|author=Keat Gin Ooi|title=Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA271|year=2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-770-2|pages=271–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Eric Tagliacozzo|author2=Wen-chin Chang|title=Chinese Circulations: Capital, Commodities, and Networks in Southeast Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZkMLnmRa0zEC&pg=PA236|date=13 April 2011|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-4903-7|pages=236–}}</ref> Despite the thalassocracy of the sultanates, Borneo's interior region remained free from the rule of any kingdoms.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ranjit Singh|title=The Making of Sabah, 1865–1941: The Dynamics of Indigenous Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j9xuAAAAMAAJ|year=2000|publisher=University of Malaya Press|isbn=978-983-100-095-3}}</ref>