Editing Bonobo (section)

==== Peacefulness ====
[[File:Bonobo (Pan paniscus) at Lola Ya Bonobo - 3.JPG|thumb|Bonobo (''Pan paniscus'') mother and infant at [[Lola ya Bonobo]]]]
Observations in the wild indicate that the males among the related common chimpanzee communities are hostile to males from outside the community. Parties of males 'patrol' for the neighboring males that might be traveling alone, and attack those single males, often killing them.<ref name="Economist2010">{{cite news | date = June 24, 2010 | url = http://www.economist.com/node/16422404 | newspaper = [[The Economist]] | title = Chimpanzee behavior: Killer instincts | access-date = 2011-12-08 | archive-date = 2018-01-14 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180114195507/http://www.economist.com/node/16422404 | url-status = live }}</ref> This does not appear to be the behavior of bonobo males or females, which seem to prefer sexual contact over violent confrontation with outsiders.<ref name="NYT-20160910" />

While bonobos are more peaceful than chimpanzees, it is not true that they are unaggressive.<ref name=wrangham /> In the wild, among males, bonobos are more aggressive than chimpanzees, having higher rates of aggressive acts, about three times as much. Although, male chimpanzees are more likely to be aggressive to a lethal degree than male bonobos which are more likely to engage in more frequent, yet less intense squabbling. There is also more female to male aggression with bonobos than there is with chimpanzees.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2024/04/so-much-for-summers-of-love/#:~:text=Researchers%20observing%20bonobos%20and%20chimps,bonobos%20than%20among%20male%20chimps | title=Male bonobos fight three times as often as chimps, study finds | date=22 April 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first1=Maud |last1=Mouginot |first2=Michael L. |last2=Wilson |first3=Nisarg |last3=Desai |first4=Martin |last4=Surbeck |year=2024 |title=Differences in expression of male aggression between wild bonobos and chimpanzees |journal=Current Biology |volume=34 |issue=8 |pages=1780–1785.e4|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2024.02.071 |pmid=38614078 |pmc=11167569 |bibcode=2024CBio...34.1780M }}</ref> Female bonobos are also more aggressive than female chimpanzees, in general. Both bonobos and chimpanzees exhibit physical aggression more than 100 times as often as humans do.<ref name=wrangham>{{cite book |vauthors=Wrangham R |title=The Goodness Paradox: The Strange Relationship Between Virtue and Violence in Human Evolution |date=2019 |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-101-97019-5 |pages=19–20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pOi9DwAAQBAJ |access-date=2020-03-10 |archive-date=2024-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309175059/https://books.google.com/books?id=pOi9DwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Grooming de Zoé.jpg|thumb|Grooming: reinforcement of social links]]
Although referred to as peaceful, bonobo aggression is not restricted to each other, and humans have also been attacked by bonobos, and suffered serious, albeit non-fatal, injuries.<ref name="Questioning the “sexy” bonobo hype, part 2: a primatologist debunks Christopher Ryan - Incredulous" /> 
Bonobos are far less violent than chimpanzees, though, as lethal aggression is essentially nonexistent among bonobos while being not infrequent among chimpanzees.<ref name="lib.dr.iastate.edu"/>
It has been hypothesized that bonobos are able to live a more peaceful lifestyle in part because of an abundance of nutritious vegetation in their natural habitat, allowing them to travel and forage in large parties.<ref>{{cite journal|year=1988|title=Feeding competition and patch size in the chimpanzee species ''Pan paniscus'' and ''Pan troglodytes''|journal=Behaviour |volume=105 |issue=1/2 |pages=148–164 |doi=10.1163/156853988X00494 |jstor=4534684| vauthors = White FJ, Wrangham RW |s2cid=18285801}}</ref>

Recent studies show that there are significant brain differences between bonobos and chimpanzees. Bonobos have more grey matter volume in the right anterior insula, right dorsal amygdala, hypothalamus, and right dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, all of which are regions assumed to be vital for feeling empathy, sensing distress in others and feeling anxiety.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rilling JK, Scholz J, Preuss TM, Glasser MF, Errangi BK, Behrens TE | title = Differences between chimpanzees and bonobos in neural systems supporting social cognition | journal = Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience | volume = 7 | issue = 4 | pages = 369–79 | date = April 2012 | pmid = 21467047 | pmc = 3324566 | doi = 10.1093/scan/nsr017 }}</ref> They also have a thick connection between the [[amygdala]], an important area that can spark aggression, and the ventral anterior cingulate cortex, which has been shown to help control impulses in humans.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Davidson RJ, Putnam KM, Larson CL | title = Dysfunction in the neural circuitry of emotion regulation—a possible prelude to violence | journal = Science | volume = 289 | issue = 5479 | pages = 591–4 | date = July 2000 | pmid = 10915615 | doi = 10.1126/science.289.5479.591 | bibcode = 2000Sci...289..591D }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pezawas L, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Drabant EM, Verchinski BA, Munoz KE, Kolachana BS, Egan MF, Mattay VS, Hariri AR, Weinberger DR | display-authors = 6 | title = 5-HTTLPR polymorphism impacts human cingulate-amygdala interactions: a genetic susceptibility mechanism for depression | journal = Nature Neuroscience | volume = 8 | issue = 6 | pages = 828–34 | date = June 2005 | pmid = 15880108 | doi = 10.1038/nn1463 | s2cid = 1864631 }}</ref> This thicker connection may make them better at regulating their emotional impulses and behavior.<ref>{{cite news | vauthors = Vastag B | date = 11 April 2011 | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/brain-differences-may-explain-varying-behavior-of-bonobos-and-chimpanzees/2011/03/29/AFP2wUND_story.html | title = Brain differences may explain varying behavior of bonobos and chimpanzees | newspaper = The Washington Post | access-date = 26 December 2012 | archive-date = 14 February 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210214005916/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/brain-differences-may-explain-varying-behavior-of-bonobos-and-chimpanzees/2011/03/29/AFP2wUND_story.html | url-status = live }}</ref>

Bonobo society is dominated by females, and severing the lifelong alliance between mothers and their male offspring may make them vulnerable to female aggression.<ref name="NYT-20160910" /> De Waal has warned of the danger of romanticizing bonobos: "All animals are competitive by nature and cooperative only under specific circumstances" and that "when first writing about their behaviour, I spoke of 'sex for peace' precisely because bonobos had plenty of conflicts. There would obviously be no need for peacemaking if they lived in perfect harmony."<ref>{{cite web|vauthors=de Waal F|url=http://www.skeptic.com/eskeptic/07-08-08/|title=Bonobos, Left & Right|work=Skeptic |date=August 8, 2007|access-date=June 29, 2010|archive-date=November 21, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121030108/http://www.skeptic.com/eskeptic/07-08-08/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Surbeck and Hohmann showed in 2008 that bonobos sometimes do hunt monkey species. Five incidents were observed in a group of bonobos in [[Salonga National Park]], which seemed to reflect deliberate cooperative hunting. On three occasions, the hunt was successful, and infant monkeys were captured and eaten.<ref name=Surbeck />

There is one inferred intraspecies killing in the wild,<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Parker |first=Ian |date=July 23, 2007 |title=Swingers |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |issue=July 30, 2007 |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2007/07/30/swingers |url-access=limited |access-date=September 21, 2022 |archive-date=March 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328131137/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2007/07/30/swingers |url-status=live }}</ref> and a confirmed lethal attack in captivity.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trauer um Bonobo Birogu |url=https://www.wuppertal.de/microsite/zoo/Aktuelles/20210115-trauer-um-bonobo-birogu.php |access-date=September 21, 2022 |website=Der Grüne Zoo Wuppertal |language=de |archive-date=May 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526204313/https://www.wuppertal.de/microsite/zoo/Aktuelles/20210115-trauer-um-bonobo-birogu.php |url-status=live }}</ref> In both cases, the attackers were female and the victims were male.