Editing Bladder (section)

===Inflammation and infection===
[[File:Schistosomiaisis Bladder Calcifications.png|thumb|right|260px|Calcifications on bladder wall caused by urinary [[schistosomiasis]]]]
[[Cystitis]] refers to infection or inflammation of the bladder. It commonly occurs as part of a [[urinary tract infection]].{{sfn|Davidson's|2018|pp=426-429}} In adults, it is more common in women than men, owing to a shorter [[urethra]]. It is common in males during childhood, and in older men where [[benign prostatic hypertrophy|an enlarged prostate]] may cause urinary retention.{{sfn|Davidson's|2018|pp=426-429}} Other risk factors include other causes of blockage or narrowing, such as [[prostate cancer]] or the presence of [[vesico-ureteric reflux]]; the presence of outside structures in the urinary tract, such as [[urinary catheter]]s; and neurologic problems that make passing urine difficult.{{sfn|Davidson's|2018|pp=426-429}} Infections that involve the bladder can cause pain in the lower abdomen (above the [[pubic symphysis]], so called "suprapubic" pain), particularly before and after passing urine, and a desire to [[urinary frequency|pass urine frequently]] and with little warning ([[urinary urgency]]).{{sfn|Davidson's|2018|pp=426-429}} Infections are usually due to [[bacteria]], of which the most common is [[E coli]].{{sfn|Davidson's|2018|pp=426-429}}

When a urinary tract infection or cystitis is suspected, a [[medical practitioner]] may request a [[urine sample]]. A [[urine dipstick|dipstick placed in the urine]] may be used to see if the urine has [[leukocytes|white blood cells]], or the presence of [[nitrates]] which may indicate an infection. The urine specimen may be also sent for [[microbial culture and sensitivity]] to assess if a particular bacteria grows in the urine, and identify its [[antibiotic sensitivities]].{{sfn|Davidson's|2018|pp=426-429}} Sometimes, additional investigations may be requested. These might include testing the function of the kidneys by assessing [[electrolytes]] and [[creatinine]]; investigating for blockages or narrowing of the renal tract with an [[renal tract ultrasound|ultrasound]], and testing for an enlarged prostate with a [[digital rectal examination]].{{sfn|Davidson's|2018|pp=426-429}}

Urinary tract infections or cystitis are treated with [[antibiotic]]s, many of which are [[per oral|consumed by mouth]]. Serious infections may require treatment with [[intravenous]] antibiotics.{{sfn|Davidson's|2018|pp=426-429}}

[[Interstitial cystitis]] refers to a condition in which the bladder is infected due to a cause that is not bacteria.<ref>{{cite web | title = Interstitial cystitis | publisher = Mayo Clinic | date = 14 September 2019 | url = https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/interstitial-cystitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20354357 | access-date = 10 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Glass |first1=Cheryl A. |last2=Gunter |first2=Debbie |editor1-last=Glass |editor1-first=Cheryl A. |editor2-last=Cash |editor2-first=Jill C. |title=Family Practice Guidelines |date=2017 |publisher=pringer Publishing Company, LLC |location=New York |isbn=978-0826177117 |pages=352–353 |edition=4}}</ref>