Editing Bird (section)

==Distribution==
{{See also|Lists of birds by region|List of birds by population}}
[[File:House sparrow04.jpg|thumb|left|alt= small bird withpale belly and breast and patterned wing and head stands on concrete |The range of the [[house sparrow]] has expanded dramatically due to human activities.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Newton |first=Ian|year=2003 |title=The Speciation and Biogeography of Birds |location=Amsterdam |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=0-12-517375-X|page=463}}</ref>]]

Birds live and breed in most terrestrial habitats and on all seven continents, reaching their southern extreme in the [[snow petrel]]'s breeding colonies up to {{convert|440|km|mi|-1}} inland in [[Antarctica]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Brooke |first=Michael |year=2004 |title=Albatrosses And Petrels Across The World |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-850125-0}}</ref> The highest bird [[biodiversity|diversity]] occurs in tropical regions. It was earlier thought that this high diversity was the result of higher [[speciation]] rates in the tropics; however studies from the 2000s found higher speciation rates in the high latitudes that were offset by greater [[extinction]] rates than in the tropics.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Weir |first1=Jason T. |year=2007 |title=The Latitudinal Gradient in Recent Speciation and Extinction Rates of Birds and Mammals |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=315 |issue=5818 |pages=1574–1576 |doi=10.1126/science.1135590 |pmid=17363673 |last2=Schluter |first2=D |bibcode=2007Sci...315.1574W }}</ref> Many species migrate annually over great distances and across oceans; several families of birds have adapted to life both on the world's oceans and in them, and some [[seabird]] species come ashore only to breed,<ref name="Burger">{{Cite book|last=Schreiber |first=Elizabeth Anne |author2=Joanna Burger |year=2001 |title=Biology of Marine Birds |location=Boca Raton |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=0-8493-9882-7}}</ref> while some [[penguin]]s have been recorded diving up to {{convert|300|m|ft|-1}} deep.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sato |first1=Katsufumi |date=1 May 2002|title=Buoyancy and maximal diving depth in penguins: do they control inhaling air volume? |journal=Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=205 |issue=9 |pages=1189–1197 |pmid=11948196 |first2=Y.|last2=Naito|first3=A.|last3=Kato|first4=Y.|last4=Niizuma|first5=Y.|last5=Watanuki|first6=J. B.|last6=Charrassin|first7=C. A.|last7=Bost|first8=Y.|last8=Handrich|first9=Y. |last9=Le Maho|doi=10.1242/jeb.205.9.1189 |url=http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/content/full/205/9/1189}}</ref>

Many bird species have established breeding populations in areas to which they have been [[introduced species|introduced]] by humans. Some of these introductions have been deliberate; the [[ring-necked pheasant]], for example, has been introduced around the world as a [[game bird]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hill |first=David |author2=Peter Robertson |year=1988 |title=The Pheasant: Ecology, Management, and Conservation |location=Oxford |publisher=BSP Professional |isbn=0-632-02011-3}}</ref> Others have been accidental, such as the establishment of wild [[monk parakeet]]s in several North American cities after their escape from captivity.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Spreyer |first=Mark F.|author2=Enrique H. Bucher|year=1998|title=Monk Parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus)|journal=The Birds of North America|publisher=Cornell Lab of Ornithology|url=http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/322 |doi=10.2173/bna.322 |access-date=13 December 2015}}</ref> Some species, including [[cattle egret]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Arendt |first=Wayne J. |date=1 January 1988|title=Range Expansion of the Cattle Egret, (''Bubulcus ibis'') in the Greater Caribbean Basin |journal=Colonial Waterbirds |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=252–262 |doi=10.2307/1521007 |jstor=1521007}}</ref> [[yellow-headed caracara]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bierregaard |first=R. O. |year=1994 |chapter=Yellow-headed Caracara |editor=Josep del Hoyo |editor2=Andrew Elliott |editor3=Jordi Sargatal |title=Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 2; New World Vultures to Guineafowl |location=Barcelona |publisher=Lynx Edicions |isbn=84-87334-15-6}}</ref> and [[galah]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Juniper |first=Tony |author2=Mike Parr |year=1998 |title=Parrots: A Guide to the Parrots of the World |location=London |publisher=[[Helm Identification Guides|Christopher Helm]] |isbn=0-7136-6933-0}}</ref> have [[Avian range expansion|spread naturally]] far beyond their original ranges as [[Agriculture|agricultural expansion]] created alternative habitats although modern practices of intensive agriculture have negatively impacted farmland bird populations.<ref>{{cite book |title=Farmland Birds across the World |publisher=Lynx Edicions |year=2010 |isbn=9788496553637 |editor1=Weijden, Wouter van der |publication-place=Barcelona |page=4 |editor2=Terwan, Paul |editor3=Guldemond, Adriaan}}</ref>