Editing Bias (section)

====Halo effect and horn effect====
{{Main|Halo effect|Horn effect}}
The halo effect and the horn effect are when an [[Observation|observer's]] overall impression of a person, [[organization]], [[brand]], or [[product (business)|product]] influences their feelings about specifics of that entity's character or properties.<ref name="study.com">{{cite web | last = Long-Crowell | first = Erin | title = The Halo Effect: Definition, Advantages & Disadvantages | work = Psychology 104: Social Psychology | publisher = study.com | url = http://study.com/academy/lesson/the-halo-effect-definition-advantages-disadvantages.html | access-date = September 30, 2015 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151001041235/http://study.com/academy/lesson/the-halo-effect-definition-advantages-disadvantages.html | archive-date = October 1, 2015 }}</ref><ref name="Investopedia halo">{{cite web | title = Halo Effect | publisher = Investopedia | url = http://www.investopedia.com/terms/h/halo-effect.asp | access-date = September 30, 2015 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171106034111/http://www.investopedia.com/terms/h/halo-effect.asp | archive-date = November 6, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Thorndike | first = EL | title = A constant error in psychological ratings | journal = Journal of Applied Psychology | year = 1920 | volume = 4 | issue = 1 | pages = 25–29 | doi = 10.1037/h0071663 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/1429134 | access-date = 2019-12-20 | archive-date = 2019-07-13 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190713184358/https://zenodo.org/record/1429134 | url-status = live }}</ref>

The name halo effect is based on the concept of the [[Halo (religious iconography)|saint's halo]], and is a specific type of [[confirmation bias]], wherein positive sentiments in one area cause questionable or unknown characteristics to be seen positively. If the observer likes one aspect of something, they will have a positive predisposition toward everything about it.<ref>{{cite dictionary | title = Horns and halo effect | dictionary = The Free Dictionary | url = http://www.thefreedictionary.com/horns+and+halo+effect | access-date = September 30, 2015}}</ref><ref name=nisbett>{{cite journal | last1 = Nisbett | first1 = Richard E | last2 = Wilson | first2 = Timothy D | year= 1977 |title= The halo effect: Evidence for unconscious alteration of judgments |journal= Journal of Personality and Social Psychology | volume =35 |issue=4 |pages=250–56 |issn=1939-1315 |doi=10.1037/0022-3514.35.4.250|url= https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/92158/1/TheHaloEffect.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/92158/1/TheHaloEffect.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live | hdl = 2027.42/92158 | s2cid = 17867385 |hdl-access= free }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Glennie|first=Jonathan|title=Hugo Chávez's reverse-halo effect|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2011/may/03/hugo-chavez-reverso-halo-effect|newspaper=The Guardian|date=3 May 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816022229/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2011/may/03/hugo-chavez-reverso-halo-effect|archive-date=16 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="ostrove_sigall1975">{{cite journal| last1 = Ostrove| first1 = Nancy| last2 = Sigall| first2 = Harold| title = Beautiful but Dangerous: Effects of Offender Attractiveness and Nature of the Crime on Juridic Judgment| journal = Journal of Personality and Social Psychology| year = 1975| volume = 31| issue = 3| pages = 410–14| url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232451231| doi = 10.1037/h0076472| url-status = live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160701005930/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232451231_Beautiful_but_Dangerous_Effects_of_Offender_Attractiveness_and_Nature_of_the_Crime_on_Juridic_Judgment| archive-date = 2016-07-01}}</ref> A person's [[Physical attractiveness|appearance]] has been found to produce a halo effect.<ref>{{cite journal|doi= 10.1023/A:1023582629538|title=Weight Halo Effects: Individual Differences in Perceived Life Success as a Function of Women's Race and Weight|year= 2003|last1= Wade | first1 = T Joel|last2=DiMaria|first2=Cristina |journal=Sex Roles|volume=48|issue=9/10|pages=461–465|s2cid=141143275}}</ref> The halo effect is also present in the field of [[brand marketing]], affecting perception of [[company|companies]] and [[non-governmental organization]]s (NGOs).<ref>{{cite news|title=Apple shares surfs on big profits|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4172211.stm|access-date=18 January 2012|newspaper=BBC News|date=13 January 2005|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061118053436/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4172211.stm|archive-date=18 November 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Chandon |first1 = Pierre| first2 = Brian | last2 = Wansink| title= The Biasing Health Halos of Fast-Food Restaurant Health Claims: Lower Calorie Estimate and Higher Side-Dish Consumption Intentions | journal = Journal of Consumer Research|year=2007|volume=34|issue=3|pages=301–14|doi= 10.1086/519499|citeseerx = 10.1.1.173.2288|s2cid = 3881018}}<!--|access-date = --></ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Jeffray|first=Nathan|title=Interview: Gerald Steinberg|url=http://www.thejc.com/news/uk-news/33415/interview-gerald-steinberg|newspaper=The Jewish Chronicle|date=24 June 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701192611/http://www.thejc.com/news/uk-news/33415/interview-gerald-steinberg|archive-date=1 July 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Balanson| first = Naftali | title= The 'halo effect' shields NGOs from media scrutiny|url= http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Op-EdContributors/Article.aspx?id=110648 |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post|date=8 October 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.ronaldhousedurham.org/page/corporate-donors|last= Jones|first= Nancy|title= Corporate Donors|publisher= Ronald House Durham|access-date= 26 November 2013|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131203013311/http://www.ronaldhousedurham.org/page/corporate-donors|archive-date= 3 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1 =Coombs|first1 =Timothy W | last2 = Holladay | first2 =Sherry J|title=Unpacking the halo effect: reputation and crisis management|journal=Journal of Communication Management|year=2006|volume=10|issue= 2|pages = 123–37 |doi=10.1108/13632540610664698}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1 =Klein|first1 =Jill| first2 = Niraj | last2 = Dawar|title= Evaluations in a Product-Harm Crisis| journal= International Journal of Research in Marketing | year= 2004|volume=21|issue=3|pages=203–17|doi=10.1016/j.ijresmar.2003.12.003}}</ref>

The opposite of the halo is the horn effect, when "individuals believe (that negative) traits are inter-connected."<ref name="JoshKennon">{{Cite web|url=https://www.joshuakennon.com/mental-model-horns-effect-and-halo-effect|title=Mental Model: Horns Effect and Halo Effect|website=www.joshuakennon.com|date=12 November 2011 |language=en-US|access-date=2017-09-08|archive-date=2018-06-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625213158/https://www.joshuakennon.com/mental-model-horns-effect-and-halo-effect/|url-status=live}}</ref> The term horn effect refers to [[Sign of the horns|Devil's horns]].{{Citation needed|reason=[[Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a reliable source]]|date=August 2018}} It works in a negative direction: if the observer dislikes one aspect of something, they will have a negative predisposition towards other aspects.<ref name="Attitudes">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rightattitudes.com/2010/04/30/rating-errors-halo-effect-horns-effect/|title=The Halo and Horns Effects [Rating Errors]|date=2010-05-01|website=Right Attitudes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823114921/http://www.rightattitudes.com/2010/04/30/rating-errors-halo-effect-horns-effect/|archive-date=2017-08-23|url-status=live|access-date=2017-09-08}}</ref>