Editing Bhakti movement (section)

=== Key figures ===
[[File:Meerabai (crop).jpg|thumb|[[Meerabai]] is considered one of the most significant [[sant (religion)|sants]] in the [[Vaishnava]] Bhakti movement. She was from a 16th-century aristocratic family in [[Rajasthan]].<ref name="smpandey">{{cite journal|author= SM Pandey |date= 1965 |title= Mīrābāī and Her Contributions to the Bhakti Movement |journal= History of Religions |volume= 5 |number= 1 |pages= 54–73|jstor= 1061803 |doi= 10.1086/462514 |s2cid= 162398500 }}</ref>]]

The Bhakti movement witnessed a surge in Hindu literature in regional languages, particularly in the form of devotional poems and music.{{sfnp|Pechilis Prentiss|2014|pages=26-32, 217-218}}<ref>Guy Beck (2011), ''Sonic Liturgy: Ritual and Music in Hindu Tradition'', The University of South Carolina Press, {{ISBN|978-1611170375}}, Chapters 3 and 4</ref><ref>David Kinsley (1979), ''The Divine Player: A Study of Kṛṣṇa Līlā'', Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-0896840195}}, pages 190-204</ref> This literature includes the writings of the [[Alvars]] and [[Nayanars]], poems of [[Andal]],<ref name=richardgeorge /> [[Basava]],{{sfnp|Hawley|2015|pages=304-310}} [[Bhagat Pipa]],{{sfnp|Lorenzen|1995|pages=182-199}} [[Allama Prabhu]], [[Akka Mahadevi]], [[Kabir]], [[Guru Nanak]] (founder of [[Sikhism]]),{{sfnp|Hawley|2015|pages=304-310}} [[Tulsidas]], [[Nabha Dass]],<ref>{{Cite book|title=A dictionary of Indian literature |last=Mukherjee |first=Sujit |publisher=Orient Longman|year=1998 |isbn=81-250-1453-5 |location=Hyderabad |oclc=42718918}}</ref> [[Gusainji]], Ghananand,<ref name=richardgeorge /> [[Ramananda]] (founder of [[Ramanandi Sampradaya]]), Ravidass, [[Sripadaraja]], [[Vyasatirtha]], [[Purandara Dasa]], [[Kanakadasa]], [[Vijaya Dasa]], [[Six Goswamis of Vrindavana|Six Goswamis of Vrindavan]],<ref>Peasants and Monks in British India, University of California Press, {{ISBN|978-0520200616}}, pages 2–3, 53-81</ref> [[Raskhan]],<ref>Rupert Snell (1991), ''The Hindi Classical Tradition: A Braj Bhāṣā Reader'', Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0728601758}}, pages 39-40</ref> [[Ravidas]],{{sfnp|Hawley|2015|pages=304-310}} [[Jayadeva Goswami]],<ref name="richardgeorge" /> [[Namdev]],{{sfnp|Hawley|2015|pages=304-310}} [[Eknath]], [[Tukaram]], [[Mirabai]],<ref name=smpandey /> [[Ramprasad Sen]],<ref>Rachel McDermott (2001), ''Singing to the Goddess: Poems to Kālī and Umā from Bengal'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195134346}}, pages 8-9</ref> [[Sankardev]],<ref>Maheswar Neog (1995), ''Early History of the Vaiṣṇava Faith and Movement in Assam: Śaṅkaradeva and his times'', Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120800076}}, pages 1-4</ref> [[Vallabha Acharya]],{{sfnp|Hawley|2015|pages=304-310}} [[Narsinh Mehta]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Learning History Civis Standard Seven|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uZxdatjyWkEC&pg=PA29|publisher=Jeevandeep Prakashan Pvt Ltd|page=30|id=GGKEY:CYCRSZJDF4J}}</ref> [[Gangasati]]<ref name="Pande2010">{{cite book|author=Rekha Pande|title=Divine Sounds from the Heart—Singing Unfettered in their Own Voices: The Bhakti Movement and its Women Saints (12th to 17th Century)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mYEnBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA162|date=13 September 2010|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-2525-2|pages=162–163}}</ref> and the teachings of saints like [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]].{{sfnp|Schomer|McLeod|1987}}

The writings of [[Sankardev|Sankaradeva]] in [[Assam]], however, included an emphasis on the regional language and also led to the development of an artificial literary language called ''[[Brajavali dialect|Brajavali]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Goswami|first1=Tridib K.|last2=Ashique|first2=Elahi|date=2019|title=Ankiya-bhaona of Sankaradeva and Madhavadeva performed in the Sattra Institutions of Assam: A study.|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/6061ae46e2c3a2db33ba5fa8796cf138/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2035015|journal=Deliberative Research|volume=42|issue=1|pages=21–24}}</ref> ''Brajavali'' is, to an extent, a combination of medieval [[Maithili language|Maithili]] and [[Assamese language|Assamese]].<ref>'The Brajabuli idiom developed in Orissa and Bengal also. But as Dr Sukumar Sen has pointed out "Assamese Brajabuli seems to have developed through direct connection with Mithila" (''A History of Brajabuli Literature'', Calcutta, 1931 p1). This artificial dialect had Maithili as its basis to which Assamese was added.' {{harv|Neog|1980|p=257f}}</ref><ref>{{harv|Neog|1980|p=246}}</ref> The language was easily understood by the local populace, in line with the Bhakti movement's call for inclusion, but also retained its literary style. A similar language, called ''[[Brajabuli]]'' was popularised by [[Vidyapati]],<ref name="Majumdar1960">{{cite book |editor1-last=Majumdar |editor1-first=Ramesh Chandra |editor1-link=R. C. Majumdar |editor2-last=Pusalker |editor2-first=A. D. |editor3-last=Majumdar |editor3-first=A. K. |date=1960 |title=[[The History and Culture of the Indian People]] |volume=VI: The Delhi Sultanate |location=Bombay |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |page=515 |quote="During the sixteenth century, a form of an artificial literary language became established ... It was the ''Brajabulī'' dialect ... ''Brajabulī'' is practically the Maithilī speech as current in Mithilā, modified in its forms to look like Bengali".}}</ref><ref name="Banglapedia-Brajabuli">{{cite book |last=Morshed |first=Abul Kalam Manjoor |year=2012 |chapter=Brajabuli |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Brajabuli |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> which was adopted by several writers in [[Odisha]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mansinha |first1=Mayadhar |title=History of Oriya literature |date=1962 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |location=New Delhi |page=133 |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/19WBHukqcz8XuXyGvjimYqt6sU1y5HEtZ/view}}</ref><ref name="Paniker1997">{{cite book |last=Paniker |first=K. Ayyappa |author-link=Ayyappa Paniker |date=1997 |title=Medieval Indian Literature: An Anthology |volume=One: Surveys and selections |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&pg=PA287 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |page=287 |isbn=978-81-260-0365-5}}</ref> in the medieval times, and in [[Bengal]] during its [[Bengali Renaissance|renaissance]].<ref name="Banglapedia-Vidyapati">{{cite book |last=Choudhury |first=Basanti |year=2012 |chapter=Vidyapati |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Vidyapati |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref><ref name="Paniker1997"/>

The earliest writers from the 7th to 10th centuries, who are known to have influenced the movements driven by poet-saints, include [[Sambandar]], [[Tirunavukkarasar]], [[Sundarar]], [[Nammalvar]], [[Adi Shankara]], [[Manikkavacakar]] and [[Araiyar Sevai|Nathamuni]].<ref name="axelmichaels" /> Several 11th- and 12th-century writers developed different philosophies within the Vedanta school of Hinduism that were influential to the Bhakti tradition in [[medieval India]], and they include [[Ramanuja]], [[Madhvacharya|Madhva]], [[Vallabha Acharya|Vallabha]] and [[Nimbarka]].<ref name="richardgeorge">Richard Kieckhefer and George Bond (1990), ''Sainthood: Its Manifestations in World Religions,'' University of California Press, {{ISBN|978-0520071896}}, pages 116-122</ref><ref name="axelmichaels">Axel Michaels (2003), ''Hinduism: Past and Present'', Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-0691089539}}, pages 62-65</ref> These writers championed a spectrum of philosophical positions ranging from theistic dualism, qualified [[Nonduality (spirituality)|nondualism]] and absolute [[monism]].{{sfnp|Schomer|McLeod|1987|p=2}}<ref name="novetzke" />

The Bhakti movement also witnessed several works getting translated into various Indian languages. ''[[Saundarya Lahari]]'' was written in Sanskrit by [[Adi Shankara]] and was translated into [[Tamil language|Tamil]] in the 12th century by [[Virai Kaviraja Pandithar]], who titled the book ''Abhirami Paadal''.<ref name="Nagaswamy_Vol19">{{cite web
 | url = http://www.tamilartsacademy.com/journals/volume19/articles/article1.xml
 | title = Saundarya Lahari in Tamil (Volume 19)
 | last = Nagaswamy
 | first = R.
 | date = 
 | website = 
 | publisher = Tamil Arts Academy
 | access-date = 26 September 2020
 | quote = 
 | archive-date = 10 February 2021
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210210203812/http://tamilartsacademy.com/journals/volume19/articles/article1.xml
 | url-status = dead
 }}</ref> Similarly, the first translation of the Ramayana into an [[Indo-Aryan language]] was by [[Madhava Kandali]], who translated it into [[Assamese language|Assamese]] as the [[Saptakanda Ramayana]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Kandali|first1=Aditya Bihar|last2=Routray|first2=Aurobinda|last3=Basu|first3=Tapan Kumar|title=TENCON 2008 - 2008 IEEE Region 10 Conference |chapter=Emotion recognition from Assamese speeches using MFCC features and GMM classifier|date=November 2008|pages=1–5|publisher=IEEE|doi=10.1109/tencon.2008.4766487|isbn=9781424424085|s2cid=39558655}}</ref>

[[Shandilya]] and [[Narada]] are credited with two Bhakti texts, ''Shandilya Bhakti Sutra'' and ''[[Narada Bhakti Sutra]]'', but both have been dated to the 12th century by modern scholars.<ref>{{cite book |last=De Bary |first=William Theodore |title=Sources of Indian Tradition |author2=Stephen N Hay |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1988 |isbn=978-81-208-0467-8 |page=330 |chapter=Hinduism |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PqzFZNF2RxgC&pg=PA330}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Swami Vivekananda |title=The indispensable Vivekananda |publisher=Orient Blackswan |year=2006 |isbn=978-81-7824-130-2 |editor=Amiya P Sen |page=212 |chapter=Bhakti Yoga |author-link=Swami Vivekananda |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=usBhrZcnJ78C&pg=PA212}}</ref>