Editing Berber languages (section)

==Status==
After independence, all the [[Maghreb]] countries to varying degrees pursued a policy of [[Arabization|Arabisation]], aimed partly at displacing French from its colonial position as the dominant language of education and literacy. Under this policy the use of the Berber languages was suppressed or even banned. This state of affairs has been contested by Berbers in Morocco and Algeria—especially [[Kabylie]]—and was addressed in both countries by affording the language official status and introducing it in some schools.

=== Morocco ===
{{See also|Standard Moroccan Amazigh}}
After gaining independence from France in 1956, Morocco began a period of Arabisation through 1981, with primary and secondary school education gradually being changed to Arabic instruction, and with the aim of having administration done in Arabic, rather than French. During this time, there were riots amongst the Amazigh population, which called for the inclusion of Tamazight as an official language.<ref>{{Citation |last=Bassiouney |first=Reem |title=Language policy and politics |date=2009-08-27 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9780748623730.003.0006 |work=Arabic Sociolinguistics |pages=219–220 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |doi=10.3366/edinburgh/9780748623730.003.0006 |isbn=9780748623730 |access-date=2022-12-14 |archive-date=26 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526084756/https://academic.oup.com/edinburgh-scholarship-online/book/28885/chapter-abstract/240549937?redirectedFrom=fulltext |url-status=live }}</ref>

The 2000 Charter for Education Reform marked a change in policy, with its statement of "openness to Tamazight."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marley |first=Dawn |date=2004 |title=Language attitudes in Morocco following recent changes in language policy |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1023/B:LPOL.0000017724.16833.66 |journal=Language Policy |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=25–46 |doi=10.1023/B:LPOL.0000017724.16833.66 |s2cid=145182777 |issn=1568-4555 |access-date=15 December 2022 |archive-date=26 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526084759/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/B:LPOL.0000017724.16833.66 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Planning for a public Tamazight-language TV network began in 2006; in 2010, the Moroccan government launched [[Tamazight TV]].<ref name="Vourlias-2010a2"/>

On July 29, 2011, Tamazight was added as an official language to the Moroccan constitution.<ref name="Madanin-2012">{{Cite book |url=https://constitutionnet.org/sites/default/files/the_2011_moroccan_constitution_english.pdf |title=The 2011 Moroccan constitution : a critical analysis |date=2012 |others=Mohamed Madani, Driss Maghraoui, Saloua Zerhouni |isbn=978-91-86565-66-4 |location=Stockholm, Sweden |pages=16 |oclc=858866180 |access-date=15 December 2022 |archive-date=22 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222223846/https://constitutionnet.org/sites/default/files/the_2011_moroccan_constitution_english.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Algeria ===
{{See also|Standard Algerian Berber}}
After gaining independence from France in 1962, Algeria committed to a policy of Arabisation, which, after the imposition of the Circular of July 1976, encompassed the spheres of education, public administration, public signage, print publication, and the judiciary. While primarily directed towards the erasure of French in Algerian society, these policies also targeted Berber languages, leading to dissatisfaction and unrest amongst speakers of Berber languages, who made up about one quarter of the population.<ref name="Bassiouney-2009" />

After the 1994-1995 general school boycott in Kabylia, Tamazight was recognized for the first time as a national language.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Maddy-Weitzman |first=Bruce |title=Routledge Handbook of Minorities in the Middle East |date=2019 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781315626031 |pages=318 |language=English}}</ref> In 2002, following the riots of the [[Black Spring (Algeria)|Black Spring]], Tamazight was recognized for the second time as a [[national language]], though not as an [[official language|official]] one.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2003 |title=Population, Health, and Human Well-Being: Algeria |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/e610792011-001 |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=PsycEXTRA Dataset |doi=10.1037/e610792011-001 |archive-date=26 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526084818/https://www.crossref.org/_defunct-doi/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{in lang|fr}} – [http://www.apn-dz.org/apn/french/constitution96/loi02_03.htm « Loi n° 02-03 portent révision constitutionnelle »] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101221011712/http://www.apn-dz.org/apn/french/constitution96/loi02_03.htm |date=21 December 2010 }}, adopted on April 10, 2002, allotting in particular to "Tamazight" the status of national language.</ref> This was done on April 8, 2003.<ref name="Bassiouney-2009">{{Citation |last=Bassiouney |first=Reem |title=Language policy and politics |date=2009-08-27 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9780748623730.003.0006 |work=Arabic Sociolinguistics |pages=213–220 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |doi=10.3366/edinburgh/9780748623730.003.0006 |isbn=9780748623730 |access-date=2022-12-14 |archive-date=26 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526084756/https://academic.oup.com/edinburgh-scholarship-online/book/28885/chapter-abstract/240549937?redirectedFrom=fulltext |url-status=live }}</ref>

Tamazight has been taught for three hours a week through the first three years of Algerian middle schools since 2005.<ref name="Bassiouney-2009" />

On January 5, 2016, it was announced that Tamazight had been added as a national and official language in a draft amendment to the Algerian constitution; it was added to the constitution as a national and official language on February 7, 2016.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2016 |title=ALGERIA: Tamazight Recognised |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-825x.2016.06822.x |journal=Africa Research Bulletin: Political, Social and Cultural Series |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=20850B–20850C |doi=10.1111/j.1467-825x.2016.06822.x |issn=0001-9844 |access-date=14 December 2022 |archive-date=26 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526084755/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-825X.2016.06822.x |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=January 5, 2016 |title=Algeria's new constitution recognizes Tamazight as national, official language |work=BBC Monitoring Middle East}}</ref><ref name="Constitution bill-2016">{{cite web |url=http://www.aps.dz/images/doc/PROJET-DE%20REVISION-DE-LA-CONSTITUTION-28-DECEMBRE-2015.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-01-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160522160159/http://www.aps.dz/images/doc/PROJET-DE%20REVISION-DE-LA-CONSTITUTION-28-DECEMBRE-2015.pdf |archive-date=2016-05-22 }}</ref><ref name="BBC News-2016">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-35515769|title=Algeria reinstates term limit and recognises Berber language|work=BBC News|date=7 February 2016|access-date=20 June 2018|archive-date=15 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615194003/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-35515769|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Libya ===
Although regional councils in Libya's [[Nafusa Mountains]] affiliated with the [[National Transitional Council]] reportedly use the Berber language of [[Nafusi language|Nafusi]] and have called for it to be granted co-official status with Arabic in a prospective new constitution,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/libya-berber-idUKLDE74O19G20110526|work=Reuters|date=26 May 2011|title=Libya's mountain Berber see opportunity in war|access-date=5 July 2011|first=Matt|last=Robinson|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305033844/http://uk.reuters.com/article/libya-berber-idUKLDE74O19G20110526|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/09/world/africa/09berbers.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/09/world/africa/09berbers.html |archive-date=2022-01-01 |url-access=limited|date=8 August 2011|title=Amid a Berber Reawakening in Libya, Fears of Revenge|access-date=10 August 2011|first=C.J.|last=Chivers|work=The New York Times}}{{cbignore}}</ref> it does not have official status in Libya as in Morocco and Algeria. As areas of Libya south and west of [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]] such as the [[Nafusa Mountains]] were taken from the control of [[Muammar Gaddafi|Gaddafi]] government forces in early summer 2011, Berber workshops and exhibitions sprang up to share and spread the Berber culture and language.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14026216 Waiting game for rebels in western Libya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407205408/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14026216 |date=7 April 2022 }}, BBC News, John Simpson, 5 July 2011</ref>

===Other countries===
In Mali and Niger, some [[Tuareg languages]] have been recognized as national languages and have been part of school curriculums since the 1960s.<ref name="Elmedlaoui-2012-2">{{Cite book |last=Elmedlaoui |first=Mohamed |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/793573735 |title=Semitic and Afroasiatic : challenges and opportunities |date=2012 |publisher=Harrassowitz |others=Lutz Edzard |isbn=978-3-447-06695-2 |location=Wiesbaden |pages=138 |chapter=Berber |oclc=793573735 |access-date=7 January 2023 |archive-date=15 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115194522/https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/793573735 |url-status=live }}</ref>