Editing Bacillus thuringiensis (section)

===Usage===
In 1995, {{visible anchor|Bt potato|text=potato plants producing CRY 3A Bt toxin}} were approved safe by the [[Environmental Protection Agency]], making it the first human-modified pesticide-producing crop to be approved in the US,<ref>{{cite news|url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=A0YyAAAAIBAJ&pg=4631,1776980&dq=bacillus+thuringiensis+potato+1996+approved&hl= |title = Genetically Altered Potato Ok'd For Crops |work = Lawrence Journal-World |date = 6 May 1995|agency = AP|via = Google News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cera-gmc.org/files/cera/GmCropDatabase/docs/decdocs/02-269-004.pdf |title=Safety Assessment of NewLeaf ®Y Potatoes Protected Against Colorado Potato Beetle and Infection by Potato Virus Y Causing Rugose Mosaic |website=www.cera-gmc.org |access-date=31 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927213821/http://www.cera-gmc.org/files/cera/GmCropDatabase/docs/decdocs/02-269-004.pdf |archive-date=27 September 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> though many plants produce pesticides naturally, including tobacco, [[coffee plant]]s, [[Theobroma cacao|cocoa]], [[cotton]] and [[black walnut]]. This was the 'New Leaf' potato, and it was removed from the market in 2001 due to lack of interest.<ref name=PotatoPro>{{cite news|title=The History and Future of GM Potatoes| vauthors = van Eijck P |url=http://www.potatopro.com/newsletters/20100310.htm|newspaper=PotatoPro Newsletter|date=March 10, 2010|access-date=October 5, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012033805/http://www.potatopro.com/newsletters/20100310.htm|archive-date=October 12, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1996, {{visible anchor|Bt maize|Bt corn|text=[[genetically modified maize]] producing Bt Cry protein}} was approved, which killed the European corn borer and related species; subsequent Bt genes were introduced that killed corn rootworm larvae.<ref name=NatureEd>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hellmich RL, Hellmich KA | year = 2012 | title = Use and Impact of Bt Maize | url = http://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/use-and-impact-of-bt-maize-46975413 | journal = Nature Education Knowledge | volume = 3 | issue = 10| page = 4 }}</ref>

The Bt genes engineered into crops and approved for release include, singly and stacked: Cry1A.105, CryIAb, CryIF, Cry2Ab, [[Cry3Bb1]], Cry34Ab1, Cry35Ab1, mCry3A, and VIP, and the engineered crops include corn and cotton.<ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Bessin R | work = University of Kentucky College of Agriculture | orig-date = May 1996 | date = November 2010 | url = http://www2.ca.uky.edu/entomology/entfacts/ef118.asp | title = Bt-Corn for Corn Borer Control }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Castagnola AS, Jurat-Fuentes JL | chapter = Bt Crops: Past and Future. Chapter 15 | title = ''Bacillus thuringiensis'' Biotechnology | veditors = Sansinenea E | publisher = Springer | date = March 2012 | isbn = 978-94-007-3020-5 }}</ref>{{rp|285ff}}

Corn genetically modified to produce VIP was first approved in the US in 2010.<ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Hodgson E, Gassmann A | work = Iowa State Extension, Department of Entomology. | date = May 2010 | url = http://www.extension.iastate.edu/CropNews/2010/0510hodgsongassman.htm | title = New Corn Trait Deregulated in U.S. }}</ref>

In India, by 2014, more than seven million cotton farmers, occupying twenty-six million acres, had adopted {{visible anchor|Bt cotton}}.<ref>{{cite magazine | url = http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/08/25/seeds-of-doubt | title = Seeds of Doubt: An activist's controversial crusade against genetically modified crops. | vauthors = Specter M | magazine = [[The New Yorker]] | date = 25 August 2014 }}</ref>

[[Monsanto]] developed a {{visible anchor|Bt soybean|text=soybean expressing Cry1Ac}} and the [[glyphosate]]-resistance gene for the Brazilian market, which completed the Brazilian regulatory process in 2010.<ref>{{cite web | author = Staff | work = Monsanto | date = August 2009 | url =  http://www.gmo-compass.org/pdf/regulation/soybean/MON87701xMON89788_soybean_application_food_feed.pdf | title = Application for authorization to place on the market MON 87701 × MON 89788 soybean in the European Union, according to Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 on genetically modified food and feed | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120905233938/http://www.gmo-compass.org/pdf/regulation/soybean/MON87701xMON89788_soybean_application_food_feed.pdf | archive-date=2012-09-05 }} Linked from the {{cite web | work = GMO Compass | url = http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/gmo/db/147.docu.html | title = MON87701 x MON89788 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131109152621/http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/gmo/db/147.docu.html | archive-date=2013-11-09 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.isaaa.org/kc/cropbiotechupdate/article/default.asp?ID=6565|title=Monsanto's Bt Roundup Ready 2 Yield Soybeans Approved for Planting in Brazil| work = Crop Biotech Update | date = 27 August 2010 | publisher =  International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA) }}</ref>

{{visible anchor|Bt aspen|Bt-transformed [[aspen]]s}} - specifically ''[[Populus]]'' hybrids - have been developed. They do suffer lesser leaf damage from insect [[herbivory]]. The results have not been entirely positive however: The intended result - better [[timber]] yield - was not achieved, with no growth advantage despite that reduction in herbivore damage; one of their major pests still preys upon the transgenic trees; and besides that, their [[leaf litter]] decomposes differently due to the transgenic toxins, resulting in alterations to the [[aquatic insect]] populations nearby.<ref name="Stange-et-al-2021">{{cite journal | vauthors = Stange M, Barrett RD, Hendry AP | title = The importance of genomic variation for biodiversity, ecosystems and people | journal = Nature Reviews. Genetics | volume = 22 | issue = 2 | pages = 89–105 | date = February 2021 | pmid = 33067582 | doi = 10.1038/s41576-020-00288-7 | publisher = [[Nature Research]] | s2cid = 223559538 }}</ref>

[[Image:Btcornafrica.jpg|thumb|Agriculture enthusiasts examining insect-resistant [[transgenic]] Bt corn]]