Editing Azerbaijan (section)

===Landscape===
{{Main|Orography of Azerbaijan|Climate of Azerbaijan|Water bodies of Azerbaijan}}
[[File:Bazarduzu detail.JPG|thumb|[[Mount Bazardüzü|Mount Bazarduzu]], the highest peak of Azerbaijan, as seen from [[Mount Shahdagh]]]]
[[File:Azerbajiani landscape - Another version.jpg|thumb|The landscape of Khinalug valley]]
Azerbaijan is home to a wide variety of landscapes. Over half of the land consists of mountain ridges, crests, highlands, and plateaus which rise up to levels of 400–1,000&nbsp;meters (including the middle and lower lowlands), in some places (Talis, Jeyranchol-Ajinohur and Langabiz-Alat foreranges) up to 100–120&nbsp;meters, and others from 0–50&nbsp;meters and up ([[Qobustan, Absheron]]). The rest of Azerbaijan's terrain consists of plains and lowlands. Elevations within the Caucasus region vary from about −28&nbsp;meters at the Caspian Sea shoreline up to 4,466&nbsp;meters ([[Mount Bazardüzü|Bazardüzü]] peak).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://enrin.grida.no/htmls/azer/soe/ecology/html/ecologicalzones.html |title=Orography of Azerbaijan |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=30 June 2010 |archive-date=11 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011201110/http://enrin.grida.no/htmls/azer/soe/ecology/html/ecologicalzones.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Azerbaijan » Asian Mountain Outfitters |url=https://asianmountainoutfitters.com/azerbaijan/ |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=asianmountainoutfitters.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

The climate is influenced by cold arctic [[air mass]]es of Scandinavian [[anticyclone]], temperate air masses of [[Siberia]]n anticyclone, and Central Asian anticyclone.<ref name="CLIM">{{cite web| title = Azerbaijan – Climate| publisher = Heydar Aliyev Foundation| url = http://www.azerbaijan.az/_Geography/_Climate/_climate_e.html| access-date = 26 May 2007| archive-date = 26 January 2007| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070126073746/http://azerbaijan.az/_Geography/_Climate/_climate_e.html| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The climate-forming factors - Azerbaijan.az |url=https://azerbaijan.az/en/related-information/237 |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=azerbaijan.az}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-10 |title=What is the Climate of Azerbaijan Like? |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-type-of-climate-does-azerbaijan-have.html |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=WorldAtlas |language=en-US}}</ref> Azerbaijan's landscape affects the ways air masses enter the country.<ref name="CLIM"/> The Greater Caucasus protects the country from direct influences of cold air masses coming from the north. That leads to the formation of [[Subtropics|subtropical climate]] on most foothills and plains of the country. Meanwhile, plains and foothills are characterized by high [[Sunlight|solar radiation]] rates.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dtxk.gov.az/azerbaijan/nature/nature04_e.html#1 |title=Climate |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718204957/http://www.dtxk.gov.az/azerbaijan/nature/nature04_e.html#1 |archive-date=2014-07-18 |publisher=[[State Land and Cartography Committee (Azerbaijan)|State Land and Cartography Committee]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-15 |title=20 reasons to visit Azerbaijan |url=https://turalux.com/2019/04/15/20-reasons-to-visit-baku/ |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=Turalux - International DMC & MICE and EVENT Agency |language=en-US}}</ref>

Nine out of eleven existing [[Köppen climate classification|climate zones]] are present in Azerbaijan.<ref name="KL">{{cite web|title=Climate |website=Water Resources of the Azerbaijan Republic |publisher=Institute of Hydrometeorology, Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources |url=http://www.azhydromet.com/SRIH/Water%20Resurs.html |access-date=26 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070524005453/http://www.azhydromet.com/SRIH/Water%20Resurs.html |archive-date=24 May 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Both the absolute minimum temperatures (<span style="white-space:nowrap">{{convert|-33|°C|°F|1|disp=or}} </span>) and the absolute maximum temperatures{{Quantify|date=September 2022}} were observed in [[Julfa District|Julfa]] and [[Ordubad District|Ordubad]]—regions of [[Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic]].<ref name="KL"/> The maximum annual precipitation falls in [[Lankaran]] ({{convert|1600|to|1800|mm|abbr=on|disp=or}}) and the minimum in Absheron ({{convert|200|to|350|mm|abbr=on|disp=or}}).<ref name="KL"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/azerbaijan/climate-data-historical |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Caviglia |first=ClimeChart com-Michael |title=Climate Country Overview for Azerbaijan {{!}} Weather Patterns and Climate Data |url=https://www.climechart.com/en/climate-country-overview/azerbaijan |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=www.climechart.com |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Murov mountain in Azerbaijan-Caucasus3.jpg|thumb|left|[[Murovdag]] is the highest [[mountain range]] in the [[Lesser Caucasus]].]]
Rivers and lakes form the principal part of the water systems of Azerbaijan, they were formed over a long geological timeframe and changed significantly throughout that period. This is evidenced by remnants of ancient rivers found throughout the country. The water systems are continually changing under the influence of natural forces and human-introduced industrial activities. Canals and ponds are a part of Azerbaijan's water systems. In terms of water supply, Azerbaijan is below the average in the world with approximately {{convert|100000|m3|0|abbr=off}} per year of water per square kilometer.<ref name="KL"/> All big [[Reservoir|water reservoirs]] are built on Kur. The hydrography of Azerbaijan belongs to the Caspian Sea basin.

The [[Kura (South Caucasus river)|Kura]] and [[Aras (river)|Aras]] are the major rivers in Azerbaijan. They run through the [[Kura-Aras lowland]]. The rivers that directly flow into the Caspian Sea originate mainly from the north-eastern slope of the Major Caucasus and Talysh Mountains and run along the Samur–Devechi and Lankaran lowlands.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/major-rivers-of-azerbaijan.html |title=Major Rivers Of Azerbaijan |author=Joyce Chepkemoi |date=25 April 2017 |website=worldatlas.com |access-date=23 November 2020 |archive-date=2 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202010451/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/major-rivers-of-azerbaijan.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>FAO. 2009. AQUASTAT Transboundary River Basins – Kura Araks River Basin. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Rome, Italy

[https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/76c1f173-ef42-40a2-a519-71c273f6db2e/content?utm_source=chatgpt.com https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/76c1f173-ef42-40a2-a519-71c273f6db2e/content]</ref>

[[Yanar Dagh|Yanar Dag]], translated as "burning mountain", is a natural gas fire which blazes continuously on a hillside on the [[Absheron Peninsula]] on the Caspian Sea near Baku, which itself is known as the "land of fire." Flames jet out into the air from a thin, porous sandstone layer. It is a tourist attraction to visitors to the Baku area.<ref>{{cite book| last = Kleveman|first = Lutz|title = The new great game: blood and oil in Central Asia|page=[https://archive.org/details/newgreatgame00lutz/page/15 15]|publisher = Atlantic Monthly Press| year = 2003|url = https://archive.org/details/newgreatgame00lutz| url-access = registration| access-date = November 21, 2010 |isbn=978-0-87113-906-1}}</ref>