Editing Atropine (section)

==Chemistry==
{{More medical citations needed|date=January 2022}}
Atropine, a [[tropane alkaloid]], is an [[enantiomer]]ic mixture of ''[[Levorotation and dextrorotation|d]]''-[[hyoscyamine]] and ''l''-hyoscyamine,<ref name="PubChem">{{cite web | url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Atropine_-sulfate-_2_1 | title=PubChem: Atropine, sulfate (2:1) | publisher=National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health }}</ref> with most of its physiological effects due to ''l''-hyoscyamine, the 3(S)-endo isomer of atropine. Its pharmacological effects are due to binding to [[muscarinic acetylcholine receptor]]s. It is an antimuscarinic agent. Significant levels are achieved in the CNS within 30 minutes to 1 hour and disappear rapidly from the blood with a half-life of 2 hours. About 60% is excreted unchanged in the urine, and most of the rest appears in the urine as hydrolysis and conjugation products. Noratropine (24%), atropine-N-oxide (15%), tropine (2%), and tropic acid (3%) appear to be the major metabolites, while 50% of the administered dose is excreted as apparently unchanged atropine. No conjugates were detectable. Evidence that atropine is present as (+)-hyoscyamine was found, suggesting that stereoselective metabolism of atropine probably occurs.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Van der Meer MJ, Hundt HK, Müller FO | title = The metabolism of atropine in man | journal = The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology | volume = 38 | issue = 10 | pages = 781–4 | date = October 1986 | pmid = 2879005 | doi = 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1986.tb04494.x | s2cid = 27306334 }}</ref> Effects on the iris and ciliary muscle may persist for longer than 72 hours.

The most common atropine compound used in medicine is atropine [[sulfate]] (monohydrate) ({{chem|[[carbon|C]]|17|[[Hydrogen|H]]|23|[[Nitrogen|N]]|[[Oxygen|O]]|3}})<sub>2</sub>·[[sulfuric acid|H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>]]·[[water|H<sub>2</sub>O]], the full chemical name is 1α H, 5α H-Tropan-3-α ol (±)-tropate(ester), sulfate monohydrate.