Editing Astana (section)

===Climate===
Astana is the second-coldest national capital in the world after [[Ulaanbaatar]], Mongolia, a position formerly held by the capital of Canada, [[Ottawa]], until Astana attained capital city status in 1997.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=The Mongolist|author=Brian White|title=Ulaanbaatar is the Coldest Capital|url=http://www.themongolist.com/blog/society/43-ulaanbaatar-is-the-coldest-capital.html|date=9 January 2013|access-date=19 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226225001/http://www.themongolist.com/blog/society/43-ulaanbaatar-is-the-coldest-capital.html|archive-date=26 February 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=Canada.com |title=Still the third-coldest capital, despite balmy temperatures |url=http://www.canada.com/story.html?id=f23f6479-3274-493b-9f74-d8d8cb5418be |date=4 January 2007 |access-date=19 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150606224805/http://www.canada.com/story.html?id=f23f6479-3274-493b-9f74-d8d8cb5418be |archive-date=6 June 2015 |df=dmy}}</ref> Astana has an extreme [[continental climate]] with warm summers (featuring occasional brief rain showers) and long, very cold, dry winters. Summer temperatures sometimes reach 35 °C (95 °F), while −30 to −35 °C (−22 to −31 °F) is common from mid-December to early March. Usually, the city's river remains frozen from the second week of November until early April. Astana has a well-earned reputation among Kazakhs for its frequent strong winds, which are especially noticeable in the rapidly growing but relatively open Left Bank part of the city.

Overall, Astana has a [[humid continental climate]] classification in [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen scheme]] (''Dfb'').<ref>[[commons:File:Asia Koppen Map.png|Updated Central, South, Southeast, and Eastern Asian and Siberian Map of the Köppen climate classification system.]]</ref> The average annual temperature in Astana is {{convert|3.9|C}}. January is the coldest month with an average temperature of {{convert|-14.5|C}} and record lowest is in January 1893's cold wave reaching temperatures down to {{convert|-51.6|C}}.<ref name="pogoda">{{cite web | url = http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/35188.htm | title = Weather and Climate-The Climate of Astana | access-date = 3 January 2022 | language = ru | publisher = Weather and Climate | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150208191629/http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/35188.htm | archive-date = 8 February 2015 | url-status = live}}</ref> July is the hottest month with an average temperature of {{convert|20.6|C}}.<ref name="pogoda"/>

{{Weather box
| width = 
| location = Astana (1991–2020, extremes 1881–present)
| metric first = y
| single line = y
| Jan record high C = 5.0
| Feb record high C = 8.2
| Mar record high C = 22.1
| Apr record high C = 29.7
| May record high C = 36.1
| Jun record high C = 40.1
| Jul record high C = 41.6
| Aug record high C = 38.7
| Sep record high C = 36.2
| Oct record high C = 26.7
| Nov record high C = 18.5
| Dec record high C = 5.2
| year record high C = 41.6
| Jan high C = -10.3
| Feb high C = -8.8
| Mar high C = -1.5
| Apr high C = 12.2
| May high C = 20.9
| Jun high C = 25.8
| Jul high C = 26.6
| Aug high C = 25.5
| Sep high C = 18.9
| Oct high C = 10.4
| Nov high C = -1.3
| Dec high C = -8.0
| year high C = 9.2
| Jan mean C = -14.5
| Feb mean C = -13.6
| Mar mean C = -6.0
| Apr mean C = 6.5
| May mean C = 14.5
| Jun mean C = 19.6
| Jul mean C = 20.6
| Aug mean C = 19.1
| Sep mean C = 12.6
| Oct mean C = 5.0
| Nov mean C = -5.2
| Dec mean C = -12.0
| year mean C = 3.9
| Jan low C = -18.7
| Feb low C = -18.0
| Mar low C = -10.4
| Apr low C = 1.2
| May low C = 8.2
| Jun low C = 13.4
| Jul low C = 14.9
| Aug low C = 13.0
| Sep low C = 6.8
| Oct low C = 0.5
| Nov low C = -8.7
| Dec low C = -16.0
| year low C = -1.2
| Jan record low C = -51.6
| Feb record low C = -48.9
| Mar record low C = -37.2
| Apr record low C = -27.8
| May record low C = -10.8
| Jun record low C = -1.5
| Jul record low C = 2.3
| Aug record low C = -2.2
| Sep record low C = -8.2
| Oct record low C = -25.3
| Nov record low C = -39.2
| Dec record low C = -43.5
| year record low C = -51.6
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 17.8
| Feb precipitation mm = 16.7
| Mar precipitation mm = 20.0
| Apr precipitation mm = 21.7
| May precipitation mm = 33.4
| Jun precipitation mm = 40.0
| Jul precipitation mm = 55.8
| Aug precipitation mm = 31.3
| Sep precipitation mm = 20.8
| Oct precipitation mm = 26.0
| Nov precipitation mm = 29.0
| Dec precipitation mm = 24.8
| year precipitation mm = 337.3
| Jan snow depth cm = 19
| Feb snow depth cm = 23
| Mar snow depth cm = 19
| Apr snow depth cm = 1
| May snow depth cm = 0
| Jun snow depth cm = 0
| Jul snow depth cm = 0
| Aug snow depth cm = 0
| Sep snow depth cm = 0
| Oct snow depth cm = 0
| Nov snow depth cm = 4
| Dec snow depth cm = 13
| year snow depth cm = 23
| Jan humidity = 78
| Feb humidity = 77
| Mar humidity = 79
| Apr humidity = 64
| May humidity = 54
| Jun humidity = 53
| Jul humidity = 59
| Aug humidity = 57
| Sep humidity = 59
| Oct humidity = 68
| Nov humidity = 80
| Dec humidity = 79
| year humidity = 67
| Jan rain days = 2
| Feb rain days = 2
| Mar rain days = 5
| Apr rain days = 9
| May rain days = 15
| Jun rain days = 13
| Jul rain days = 15
| Aug rain days = 13
| Sep rain days = 12
| Oct rain days = 10
| Nov rain days = 7
| Dec rain days = 3
| year rain days = 106
| Jan snow days = 25
| Feb snow days = 23
| Mar snow days = 19
| Apr snow days = 6
| May snow days = 1
| Jun snow days = 0.1
| Jul snow days = 0
| Aug snow days = 0
| Sep snow days = 1
| Oct snow days = 7
| Nov snow days = 18
| Dec snow days = 24
| year snow days = 124
| Jan sun = 103
| Feb sun = 147
| Mar sun = 192
| Apr sun = 238
| May sun = 301
| Jun sun = 336
| Jul sun = 336
| Aug sun = 294
| Sep sun = 230
| Oct sun = 136
| Nov sun = 100
| Dec sun = 94
| year sun = 2507
|Jand sun = 3.3
|Febd sun = 5.2
|Mard sun = 6.2
|Aprd sun = 7.9
|Mayd sun = 9.7
|Jund sun = 11.2
|Juld sun = 10.8
|Augd sun = 9.5
|Sepd sun = 7.7
|Octd sun = 4.4
|Novd sun = 3.3
|Decd sun = 3.0
|yeard sun = 6.9
| source 1 = Pogoda.ru.net<ref name="pogoda"/>
| source 2 = [[NOAA]] (sun, 1961–1990),<ref name="NOAA">{{cite web |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/TABLES/REG_II/KS/35188.TXT |title=Akmola (Astana) Climate Normals 1961–1990 |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) |access-date=2 November 2021 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171011222703/ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_II/KS/35188.TXT |archive-date=11 October 2017 |url-status=live | date = August 2010}}</ref> [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] (daily sun 1961-1990)<ref>
{{cite web
| url = http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_351880_kt.pdf
| title = Klimatafel von Astana (Akmola, Zelinograd, Akmolinsk) / Kasachstan
| publisher = Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure
| access-date = September 17, 2016}}
</ref>}}