Editing Ash'arism (section)

== Later Ashʿarism ==
[[File:Sheikh Said Foudah.png|thumbnail|right|250px|[[Sa'id Foudah]], a leading contemporary Ashʿarī scholar of ''[[Kalam|kalām]]'' (Islamic systematic theology)]]
Nicholas Heer writes that later Ashʿarite theologians "increasingly attempted to rationalize Islamic doctrine" from about the 12th century onwards. Theologians such as al-Taftāzānī<ref>See the article “al-Taftāzānī” by W. Madelung in ''The Encyclopaedia of Islam'', vol. X, pp. 88-89</ref> and al-Jurjānī <ref>See the article “al-Djurdjānī” by A.S. Tritton in ''The Encyclopaedia of Islam'', vol. II, pp. 602-603</ref> argued that the [[Islamic holy books|Islamic sacred scriptures]] (the Quran and the ''ḥadīth'') "must be proven to be true by rational arguments" before being "accepted as the basis of the religion". Educated Muslims "must be convinced on the basis of rational arguments".<ref name=heer-lecture-10-11>{{cite web |title=A LECTURE ON ISLAMIC THEOLOGY |last1=Heer |first1=Nicholas |url=http://faculty.washington.edu/heer/theology-sep.pdf |website=University of Washington Faculty |date=n.d. |pages=10–11 |access-date=13 August 2021}}</ref> A series of rational proofs were developed by these Ashʿarite theologians, including proofs for "the following doctrines or propositions":
# The universe is originated;
# The universe has an originator or creator;
# The creator of the universe is knowing, powerful and willing;
# Prophecy is possible;
# Miracles are possible;
# Miracles indicate the truthfulness of one who claims to be a prophet;
# Muhammad claimed to be a prophet and performed miracles.<ref name=heer-lecture-10-11 />