Editing Art Deco (section)

==Influences==
===Pre-World War I European styles===
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File:George Barbier (1882-1932), Vaslav Nijinsky (1890-1950), 1913 1.jpg|[[Ballets Russes]] influences – Drawing of the dancer [[Vaslav Nijinsky]], by [[Paris]] fashion artist [[Georges Barbier]] (1913)
File:Chest of drawers, by Jacques Dubois, 1750-1755 - Waddesdon Manor - Buckinghamshire, England - DSC07774.jpg|[[Rococo]] – Chest of drawers, by [[Jacques Dubois]] (1750–1755), various wood types and gilt bronze mounts, [[Waddesdon Manor]], Buckinghamshire, UK
File:Paul Iribe, cassettiera, parigi 1919 ca.jpg|Rococo influences – Commode, by Paul Iribarne Garay ({{circa|1912}}), mahogany and tulip wood frame, slate top, green-tinted shagreen upholstery, ebony knobs, base and garlands, [[Musée des Arts décoratifs, Paris|Museum of Decorative Arts]], Paris
File:Immeuble 21ter Boulevard Diderot - Paris XII (FR75) - 2023-07-25 - 2.jpg|[[Beaux Arts architecture]] – [[Boulevard Diderot]] no. 21, Paris, unknown architect ({{circa|1910}})
File:Avenue de Versailles immeuble Paul Delaroche 1928.jpg|Beaux Arts influences – [[Avenue de Versailles]] no. 70–72, Paris, "Modern" decor in an established typology, designed by [[Paul Delaplace]] and sculpted by [[Jean Boucher (artist)|Jean Boucher]] (1928)
File:Corner table by Jean-Francois-Therese Chalgrin, 1770 - Corcoran Gallery of Art - DSC01284.JPG|[[Louis XVI style]] – Corner table, by [[Jean-Francois-Therese Chalgrin]] (1770), gilded wood, [[Corcoran Gallery of Art]], Washington, D.C.
File:Art Deco dressing table (1919-20).jpg|Louis XVI style influences – Dressing table and chair set, by [[Paul Follot]] (1919), marble and wood encrusted, lacquered and gilded, {{lang|fr|[[Musée d'Art Moderne de Paris]]|italic=no}}
File:Mercury Pajou Louvre RF1624.jpg|[[Neoclassicism]] – ''Mercury'' or ''The Trade'', by [[Augustin Pajou]] (1780), marble, [[Louvre]], Paris
File:Rockefeller Center MAM.JPG|Neoclassical influences – ''[[Prometheus (Manship)|Prometheus]]'', a stylised Art Deco update of classical sculpture, by [[Paul Manship]] (1936), gilded bronze, [[Rockefeller Center]], New York City
File:Hôtel Guimard 2019.jpg|[[Art Nouveau]] – [[Hôtel Guimard (Art Nouveau)|Hôtel Guimard]] ([[Avenue Mozart]] no. 122), Paris, by [[Hector Guimard]] (1909)
File:Avenue Montaigne (47128639262).jpg|Art Nouveau influences – Sinuous curves on the façade of [[Avenue Montaigne]] no. 26, Paris, by [[Louis Duhayon]] and [[Marcel Julien]] (1937)<ref name="pss-archi_eu">{{cite web|url=https://www.pss-archi.eu/immeubles/FR-75056-27646.html|website=pss-archi.eu|title=26, avenue Montaigne|access-date=27 September 2023}}</ref>
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Art Deco was not a single style, but a collection of different and sometimes contradictory styles. In architecture, Art Deco was the successor to (and reaction against) Art Nouveau, a style which flourished in Europe between 1895 and 1900, and coexisted with the [[Beaux-Arts architecture|Beaux-Arts]] and [[Neoclassical architecture|neoclassical]] that were predominant in European and American architecture. In 1905 [[Eugène Grasset]] wrote and published ''Méthode de Composition Ornementale, Éléments Rectilignes,''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6109619d |first=Eugène|last=Grasset |title=Méthode de composition ornementale, Éléments rectilignes|date=1905|publisher=Librarie Centrale des Beaux-Arts, Paris|language=fr |via=Gallica |access-date=18 December 2012}}</ref> in which he systematically explored the decorative (ornamental) aspects of geometric elements, forms, motifs and their variations, in contrast with (and as a departure from) the undulating Art Nouveau style of [[Hector Guimard]], so popular in Paris a few years earlier. Grasset stressed the principle that various simple geometric shapes like triangles and squares are the basis of all compositional arrangements. The reinforced-concrete buildings of Auguste Perret and Henri Sauvage, and particularly the [[Théâtre des Champs-Élysées]], offered a new form of construction and decoration which was copied worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/mthodedecomposit01gras |first=Eugène|last=Grasset|title=Méthode de composition ornementale|language=fr |year=1905|publication-date=10 March 2001 |access-date=18 December 2012}}</ref>

===Ancient and non-European civilizations===
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File:The Hathor-headed columns of the Mammisi (birth house), Philae, Egypt (49813135922).jpg|alt=Ancient Egyptian art - Vegetal capitals in the courtyard of the Isis Temple, Philae, Egypt, unknown architect, 380 BC–117 AD: 30|[[Ancient Egyptian art]] – Vegetal [[capital (architecture)|capitals]] in the courtyard of the Isis Temple, [[Philae temple complex|Philae]], Egypt, unknown architect (380 BC–117 AD)<ref>* {{cite book|editor-last1=Jones |editor-first1=Denna |title=Architecture The Whole Story |date=2014 |publisher=Thames & Hudson |isbn=978-0-500-29148-1 |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|30}}
Robe, 1964.18.1(2).jpg|Egyptian influences – Dress with lotus flowers inspired by Ancient Egyptian decoration, by Jenny (couturier) and Lesage (embroiderer) (1925), silk, metallic thread, and crocheted embroidery, [[Musée Galliera]], Paris
File:Ancient ziggurat at Ali Air Base Iraq 2005.jpg|[[Mesopotamian art]] – [[Ziggurat of Ur]] in [[Tell el-Muqayyar]], Dhi Qar Province, Iraq, unknown architect (21st century BC)<ref>{{cite book|last1=Weston|first1=Richard|title=100 Ideas That Changed Architecture|date=2011|publisher=Laurence King|isbn=978-1-78627-567-7|page=21|url=|language=en}}</ref>
File:Western Union building, Manhattan jeh crop.jpg|Mesopotamian influences – [[60 Hudson Street|Western Union Building]] (Hudson Street no. 60) in [[New York City]], by [[Voorhees, Gmelin and Walker]] (1928–1930)
File:Yaxchilan Lintel 24.jpg|[[Pre-Columbian art]] (in this case [[Ancient Maya art|Maya]]) – [[Yaxchilan Lintel 24]] (702 AD), limestone, [[British Museum]], London<ref>{{cite book|last1=|first1=|title=10,000 YEARS OF ART|date=2009|publisher=Phaidon|isbn=978-0-7148-4969-0|page=174|url=|language=en}}</ref>
File:450 Sutter St. lobby 1.JPG|Pre-Columbian influences (in this case Maya) – Interior detail of [[450 Sutter Street]] in [[San Francisco]], California, by [[Timothy L. Pflueger]] (1929)
File:Brooklyn Museum 61.33 Ndop Portrait of King Mishe miShyaang maMbul (5).jpg|Sub-Saharian [[African art|African]] (in this case produced in the [[Kuba Kingdom]] from present-day [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]) – [[Ndop (Kuba)|Ndop]] of King Mishe miShyaang maMbul (1760–1780), wood, [[Brooklyn Museum]], New York City
File:Winter 1930, Léon Benigni (1892-1948), oil on canvas, 55.3 x 39.4 cm, private collection.jpg|Sub-Saharian African influences – Winter 1930, by [[Léon Benigni]], oil on canvas, private collection
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In decoration, many different styles were borrowed and used by Art Deco. They included pre-modern art from around the world and observable at the {{lang|fr|[[Musée du Louvre]]|italic=no}}, [[Musée de l'Homme]] and the [[Musée national des Arts d'Afrique et d'Océanie]]. There was also popular interest in archaeology due to excavations at [[Pompeii]], [[Troy]], and the tomb of the 18th dynasty Pharaoh [[Tutankhamun]]. Artists and designers integrated motifs from [[ancient Egypt]], [[Africa]], [[Mesopotamia]], [[Ancient Greece|Greece]], [[Ancient Rome|Rome]], Asia, [[Mesoamerica]] and Oceania with [[Machine Age]] elements.<ref name="Art Deco Style">{{cite web |url=http://arthistory.heindorffhus.dk/frame-Style21-ArtDeco.htm |title=Art Deco Style |publisher=Museum of London |access-date=6 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080207022236/http://arthistory.heindorffhus.dk/frame-Style21-ArtDeco.htm |archive-date=7 February 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Essential Art Deco">{{cite book |last=Wood |first=Ghislaine |title=Essential Art Deco |publisher=VA&A Publications |location=London |isbn=0-8212-2833-1 |year=2003 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/essentialartdeco00wood }}</ref><ref name="Design: A Concise History">{{cite book |last=Hauffe |first=Thomas |title=Design: A Concise History |publisher=Laurence King |location=London |year=1998 |edition=1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/nal/guides/art_deco/index.html |title=Art Deco Study Guide |publisher=Victoria and Albert Museum |access-date=1 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025210428/http://www.vam.ac.uk/nal/guides/art_deco/index.html |archive-date=25 October 2008 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.decopix.com/New%20Site/Pages/Directory%20Pages/Intro.html |title=Introduction to Art Deco |last=Juster |first=Randy |publisher=decopix.com |access-date=7 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029202446/http://www.decopix.com/New%20Site/Pages/Directory%20Pages/Intro.html |archive-date=29 October 2008 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name="University Times">{{cite journal |date=9 October 2003 |title=How Art Deco came to be |journal=University Times | publisher=University of Pittsburgh |volume=36 |issue=4 }}</ref>

===Early 20th-century avant-garde movements===
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File:Amedeo Modigliani, Head of a Woman, 1910-1911, NGA 46716.jpg|[[Primitivism]] – ''Head of a Woman'', by [[Amedeo Modigliani]] (1910–11), limestone, [[National Gallery of Art]], Washington, D.C.
File:Bust for a shop window, by an anonymous Belgian artist, circa 1920, painted papier-mâché, private collection, Cologne.jpg|Primitivist influences – Bust for a shop window, anonymous Belgian artist ({{circa|1920}}), painted [[papier-mâché]], private collection, [[Cologne]], Germany
File:Casa Rietveld Schröder 02.jpg|''[[De Stijl]]'' – [[Rietveld Schröder House]] in [[Utrecht]], Netherlands, by [[Gerrit Rietveld]] (1924)<ref>{{cite Monumentenregister|monumentID=18329|name=Rietveld Schröder huis|accessdate=9 February 2012}}</ref>
File:Pavillon du tourisme de Robert Mallet-Stevens (UAM, Centre Pompidou, Paris) (43200558625).jpg|''De Stijl'' influences – Pavillon du Tourisme, by [[Robert Mallet-Stevens]], [[International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts]], Paris (1925)<ref>{{cite book|last1=Criticos|first1=Mihaela|title=Art Deco sau Modernismul Bine Temperat - Art Deco or Well-Tempered Modernism|date=2009|publisher=SIMETRIA|isbn=978-973-1872-03-2|page=69|url=|language=Romanian, English}}</ref>
File:Pablo Picasso, 1909-10, Figure dans un Fauteuil (Seated Nude, Femme nue assise), oil on canvas, 92.1 x 73 cm, Tate Modern, London.jpg|[[Cubism]] – ''Figure dans un Fauteuil (Seated Nude, Femme nue assise)'', by [[Pablo Picasso]] (1909–10), oil on canvas, [[Tate Modern]], London
File:Cubic coffee service - Erik Magnussen (27986651569).jpg|Cubist influences – Cubic coffee service, by [[Erik Magnussen (silversmith)|Erik Magnussen]] (1927), silver, in a temporary exhibition called the "[[Jazz Age]]" at the [[Cleveland Museum of Art]], US
File:Klinom Krasnym Bej Belych.JPG|[[Constructivism (art)|Constructivism]] – ''[[Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge]]'', by [[El Lissitzky]] (1919–1920), lithographic poster, [[Russian State Library]], Moscow
File:Clock - Jean Goulden (38866282265).jpg|Constructivist influences – Clock, decorated with flat geometric shapes, by [[Jean Goulden]] (1928), silvered bronze with enamel, Stephen E. Kelly Collection<ref>{{cite book|last1=Raizman|first1=David|title=History of Modern Design - 3rd Edition|date=2012|publisher=Laurence King|isbn=978-1-78627-682-7|page=164|url=|language=en}}</ref>
File:Metropolis-new-tower-of-babel.png|[[Expressionism (theatre)|Expressionist theatre]] and [[German expressionist cinema|film]] – Scene from ''[[Metropolis (1927 film)|Metropolis]]'', by [[Fritz Lang]] (1927)
File:Stitched Panorama of the Apollo theatre near Victoria, London 167 (5058015607).jpg|Influences of the Expressionist theatre and film – Interior of the [[Apollo Victoria Theatre]] in London, by [[Ernest Wamsley Lewis]] (1928–1930)<ref>{{cite book|last1=Criticos|first1=Mihaela|title=Art Deco sau Modernismul Bine Temperat - Art Deco or Well-Tempered Modernism|date=2009|publisher=SIMETRIA|isbn=978-973-1872-03-2|page=74|url=|language=Romanian, English}}</ref>
File:Casa a gradinata con ascensori dai quattro piani stradali 1914- Sant'Elia.jpg|[[Futurism]] – Staircase house with elevators from four street levels, part of ''La Città Nuova'', by [[Antonio Sant'Elia]] (1914), ink and pencil on paper, Musei Civici, [[Como]], Italy<ref name = criticos67>{{cite book|last1=Criticos|first1=Mihaela|title=Art Deco sau Modernismul Bine Temperat - Art Deco or Well-Tempered Modernism|date=2009|publisher=SIMETRIA|isbn=978-973-1872-03-2|page=67|url=|language=Romanian, English}}</ref>
File:25 Rue du Laos Paryż, Île-de-France (50594191012).jpg|Futurist influences – [[Rue du Laos]] no. 25 in Paris, by Charles Thomas (1930)<ref name = criticos67/>
File:Berlin, Mitte, Schuetzenstrasse, Mosse-Zentrum 05.jpg|[[Expressionist architecture]] – [[Mossehaus|Rudolf Mosse Printing and Publishing Company Building]] in [[Berlin]], by [[Erich Mendelsohn]] (1921–1923)<ref name = criticos88>{{cite book|last1=Criticos|first1=Mihaela|title=Art Deco sau Modernismul Bine Temperat - Art Deco or Well-Tempered Modernism|date=2009|publisher=SIMETRIA|isbn=978-973-1872-03-2|page=88|url=|language=Romanian, English}}</ref>
File:Aux Trois-Quartiers, Paris, with it's original facade.jpg|Expressionist architecture influences – ''Aux Trois-Quartiers'' department store in Paris, by [[Louis Faure-Dujarric]] (1932)<ref name = criticos88/>
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Other styles borrowed included [[Futurism]], [[Orphism (art)|Orphism]], [[Functionalism (architecture)|Functionalism]], and [[Modernism]] in general. Cubism discovers its decorative potential within the Art Deco aesthetic, when transposed from the canvas onto a textile material or wallpaper. [[Sonia Delaunay]] conceives her dress models in an abstract and geometric style, "as live paintings or sculptures of living forms". Cubist-like designs are created by Louis Barrilet in the stained-glass windows of the American bar at the [[Atrium Casino]] in [[Dax, Landes|Dax]] (1926), but also including names of fashionable cocktails. In architecture, the clear contrast between horizontal and vertical volumes, specific both to Russian [[Constructivism (art)|Constructivism]] and the [[Frank Lloyd Wright]]-[[Willem Marinus Dudok]] line, becomes a common device in articulating Art Deco façades, from individual homes and tenement buildings to cinemas or oil stations.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Criticos|first1=Mihaela|title=Art Deco sau Modernismul Bine Temperat - Art Deco or Well-Tempered Modernism|date=2009|publisher=SIMETRIA|isbn=978-973-1872-03-2|page=51|url=|language=Romanian, English}}</ref><ref name="Goss" /><ref name="Art Deco Style" /><ref name="Art, Design and Visual Thinking">{{cite web|url=http://char.txa.cornell.edu/art/decart/artdeco/artdeco.htm |title=Art, Design and Visual Thinking |last=Jirousek |first=Charlotte |year=1995 |access-date=7 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202040916/http://char.txa.cornell.edu/art/decart/artdeco/artdeco.htm |archive-date=2 December 2008 |url-status = live }}</ref>{{Sfn|Duncan|1988|page=8-10}} Art Deco also used the clashing colours and designs of Fauvism, notably in the work of Henri Matisse and [[André Derain]], inspired the designs of Art Deco textiles, wallpaper, and painted ceramics.<ref name="Goss" /> It took ideas from the high fashion vocabulary of the period, which featured geometric designs, chevrons, zigzags, and stylized bouquets of flowers. It was influenced by discoveries in [[Egyptology]], and growing interest in the Orient and in African art. From 1925 onwards, it was often inspired by a passion for new machines, such as airships, automobiles and ocean liners, and by 1930 this influence resulted in the style called [[Streamline Moderne]].{{Sfn|Duncan|1988|pages=7–8}}