Editing Arrhenius equation (section)

=== Limitations of the idea of Arrhenius activation energy ===
Both the Arrhenius activation energy and the rate constant ''k'' are experimentally determined, and represent macroscopic reaction-specific parameters that are not simply related to threshold energies and the success of individual collisions at the molecular level. Consider a particular collision (an elementary reaction) between molecules A and B. The collision angle, the relative translational energy, the internal (particularly vibrational) energy will all determine the chance that the collision will produce a product molecule AB. Macroscopic measurements of ''E'' and ''k'' are the result of many individual collisions with differing collision parameters. To probe reaction rates at molecular level, experiments are conducted under near-collisional conditions and this subject is often called molecular reaction dynamics.<ref>[[Raphael David Levine|Levine, R.D.]] (2005) ''Molecular Reaction Dynamics'', Cambridge University Press</ref>

Another situation where the explanation of the Arrhenius equation parameters falls short is in [[heterogeneous catalysis]], especially for reactions that show [[Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetics]]. Clearly, molecules on surfaces do not "collide" directly, and a simple molecular cross-section does not apply here. Instead, the pre-exponential factor reflects the travel across the surface towards the active site.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Slot|first1=Thierry K.|last2=Riley|first2=Nathan|last3=Shiju|first3=N. Raveendran|last4=Medlin|first4=J. Will|last5=Rothenberg|first5=Gadi|date=2020|title=An experimental approach for controlling confinement effects at catalyst interfaces|journal=Chemical Science|language=en|volume=11|issue=40|pages=11024–11029| doi=10.1039/D0SC04118A|pmid=34123192|pmc=8162257|issn=2041-6520|doi-access=free}}</ref>

There are deviations from the Arrhenius law during the [[glass transition]] in all classes of glass-forming matter.<ref>{{cite journal| last1=Bauer|first1=Th.|last2=Lunkenheimer|first2=P.|last3=Loidl|first3=A.|title=Cooperativity and the Freezing of Molecular Motion at the Glass Transition|journal=Physical Review Letters|date=2013|volume=111|issue=22|page=225702| doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.225702| pmid=24329455|arxiv=1306.4630|bibcode=2013PhRvL.111v5702B|s2cid=13720989}}</ref> The Arrhenius law predicts that the motion of the structural units (atoms, molecules, ions, etc.) should slow down at a slower rate through the glass transition than is experimentally observed. In other words, the structural units slow down at a faster rate than is predicted by the Arrhenius law. This observation is made reasonable assuming that the units must overcome an energy barrier by means of a thermal activation energy. The thermal energy must be high enough to allow for translational motion of the units which leads to [[viscous flow]] of the material.