Editing Armenian language (section)

==Phonology==
{{See also|Western Armenian#Phonology}}
[[File:Hy-1-ին տիպի շաքարային դիաբետ (Diabetes mellitus type 1).ogg|thumb|Spoken Eastern Armenian]]

[[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] voiceless [[stop consonant]]s are aspirated in the [[Proto-Armenian language]], one of the circumstances that is often linked to the [[glottalic theory]], a version of which postulated that some voiceless occlusives of Proto-Indo-European were aspirated.<ref>{{cite book |first=James |last=Clackson |title=Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction |year=2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511808616|isbn=9780521653671 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Robert S.P. |last=Beekes |title=Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction |year=1995 |publisher=John Benjamins |doi=10.1075/z.72 |isbn=9781556195051}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Oswald J.L. |last=Szemerényi |title=Introduction to Indo-European Linguistics |year=1999 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780198238706}}</ref>

===Stress===
In Armenian, the stress falls on the last syllable unless the last syllable contains the definite article {{IPA|[ə]}} or {{IPA|[n]}}, and the possessive articles {{lang|hy|ս}} and {{lang|hy|դ}}, in which case it falls on the penultimate one. For instance, [[wikt:ախորժակ|{{IPA|[ɑχɔɾˈʒɑk]|cat=no}}]], [[wikt:մաղադանոս|{{IPA|[mɑʁɑdɑˈnɔs]|cat=no}}]], [[wikt:գինի|{{IPA|[ɡiˈni]|cat=no}}]] but [[wikt:Վահագն|{{IPA|[vɑˈhɑɡən]|cat=no}}]] and [[wikt:դաշտը|{{IPA|[ˈdɑʃtə]|cat=no}}]]. Exceptions to this rule are some words with the final letter {{lang|hy|է}} ({{lang|hy|ե}} in the reformed orthography) ({{lang|hy|մի՛թէ, մի՛գուցե, ո՛րեւէ}}) and sometimes the ordinal numerals ({{lang|hy|վե՛ցերորդ, տա՛սներորդ}}, etc.), as well as {{lang|hy|նաեւ, նամանաւանդ, հիմա, այժմ}}, and a small number of other words.

===Vowels===
All varieties of Armenian employ only [[monophthongs]]. Eastern Armenian has six vowels, while Western Armenian has an additional two front rounded vowels.

{| class="wikitable"
|+Eastern Armenian vowel phonemes<ref>{{Harvnb|Dum-Tragut|2009|p=13}}</ref>
!
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Central vowel|Central]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! style="text-align:left;"| [[Close vowel|Close]]
| class="nounderlines" style="text-align:center" | {{IPA|/{{IPA link|i}}/}} <br />{{lang|hy|[[wikt:ի|ի]]}}<br />i
| class="nounderlines" style="text-align:center" |
| class="nounderlines" style="text-align:center" | {{IPA|/{{IPA link|u}}/}} <br />{{lang|hy|[[wikt:ու|ու]]}}<br />u
|-
! style="text-align:left;"| [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| class="nounderlines" style="text-align:center" | {{IPA|/{{IPA link|ɛ}}/}} <br />{{lang|hy|[[wikt:ե|ե]]}}, {{lang|hy|[[wikt:է|է]]}}<br />e, ē
| class="nounderlines" style="text-align:center" | {{IPA|/{{IPA link|ə}}/}} <br />{{lang|hy|[[wikt:ը|ը]]}}<br />ë
| class="nounderlines" style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA|/{{IPA link|ɔ}}/}} <br />{{lang|hy|[[wikt:ո|ո]]}}, {{lang|hy|[[wikt:օ|օ]]}}<br />o, ō
|-
! style="text-align:left;"| [[Open vowel|Open]]
|
|
| class="nounderlines" style="text-align:center" | {{IPA|/{{IPA link|ɑ}}/}} <br />{{lang|hy|[[wikt:ա|ա]]}}<br />a
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Western Armenian vowel phonemes
!
! colspan=2| [[Front vowel|Front]]
! rowspan=2| [[Central vowel|Central]]
! colspan=2| [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
!|| [[unrounded vowel|Unrounded]] || [[rounded vowel|Rounded]] || [[unrounded vowel|Unrounded]] || [[rounded vowel|Rounded]]
|-
! align="left" | [[Close vowel|Close]]
| class="nounderlines" style="text-align:center" | {{IPA link|i}}&nbsp;&nbsp;{{angbr|ի}}
| class="nounderlines" style="text-align:center" | {{IPA link|ʏ}}&nbsp;&nbsp;{{angbr|իւ}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| class="nounderlines" style="text-align:center" | {{IPA link|u}}&nbsp;&nbsp;{{angbr|ու}}
|-
! align="left" | [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| class="nounderlines" style="text-align:center" | {{IPA link|ɛ}}&nbsp;&nbsp;{{angbr|է, ե}}<ref name="context_sensitive">The choice of Armenian symbol depends on the vowel's context in the word.  See the ''Orthography'' section [[#Orthography|below]] for details.</ref>
| class="nounderlines" style="text-align:center" | {{IPA link|œ}}&nbsp;&nbsp;{{angbr|էօ}}
| class="nounderlines" style="text-align:center" | {{IPA link|ə}}&nbsp;&nbsp;{{angbr|ը}}
| &nbsp;
| class="nounderlines" style="text-align:center;" | {{IPA link|o}}&nbsp;&nbsp;{{angbr|ո, օ}}<ref name="context_sensitive"/>
|-
! align="left" | [[Open vowel|Open]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| class="nounderlines" style="text-align:center" | {{IPA link|ɑ}}&nbsp;&nbsp;{{angbr|ա}}
| &nbsp;
|}

===Consonants===
The following table lists the Eastern Armenian consonantal system. The occlusives and [[affricate consonant|affricates]] have an aspirated series, commonly transcribed with a reversed [[apostrophe]] after the letter. Each phoneme in the table is represented by IPA, Armenian script and romanization.

{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|+Eastern Armenian consonant phonemes<ref>{{Harvnb|Dum-Tragut|2009|pp=17–20}}</ref>
! colspan="2" | 
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br />[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPAslink|m}} {{lang|hy|մ}} – m
| {{IPAslink|n}} {{lang|hy|ն}} – n
|
| ({{IPA link|ŋ}}){{efn-lr|Occurs before velars.}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | [[Plosive]]
! <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>{{efn-lr|name=plosives|/pʰ p b/ in Eastern Armenian dialects generally correspond to /pʰ b pʰ/ in Western dialects (more detailed table given below).}}
| {{IPAslink|b}} {{lang|hy|բ}} – b
| {{IPAslink|d}} {{lang|hy|դ}} – d
| 
| {{IPAslink|ɡ}} {{lang|hy|գ}} – g
|
|
|-
! <small>[[voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>{{efn-lr|name=ejectives|Some of the dialects may release the voiceless stops and affricates as ejectives.<ref>{{Harvnb|Dum-Tragut|2009|pp=17–18}}</ref>}}{{efn-lr|name=plosives}}
| {{IPAslink|p}} {{lang|hy|պ}} – p
| {{IPAslink|t}} {{lang|hy|տ}} – t
| 
| {{IPAslink|k}} {{lang|hy|կ}} – k
|
|
|-
! <small>[[aspirated consonant|aspirated]]</small>{{efn-lr|name=plosives}}
| {{IPAslink|pʰ}} {{lang|hy|փ}} – pʻ
| {{IPAslink|tʰ}} {{lang|hy|թ}} – tʻ
| 
| {{IPAslink|kʰ}} {{lang|hy|ք}} – kʻ
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | [[Affricate]]
! <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>{{efn-lr|name=plosives}}
|
| {{IPAslink|d͡z}} {{lang|hy|ձ}} – j
| {{IPAslink|d͡ʒ}} {{lang|hy|ջ}} – ǰ
|
|
|
|-
! <small>[[voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>{{efn-lr|name=ejectives}}{{efn-lr|name=plosives}}
|
| {{IPAslink|t͡s}} {{lang|hy|ծ}} – c
| {{IPAslink|t͡ʃ}} {{lang|hy|ճ}} – č
|
|
|
|-
! <small>[[aspirated consonant|aspirated]]</small>{{efn-lr|name=plosives}}
|
| {{IPAslink|t͡sʰ}} {{lang|hy|ց}} – cʻ
| {{IPAslink|t͡ʃʰ}} {{lang|hy|չ}} – čʻ
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Fricative]]
! <small>[[voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
| {{IPAslink|f}} {{lang|hy|ֆ}} – f
| {{IPAslink|s}} {{lang|hy|ս}} – s
| {{IPAslink|ʃ}} {{lang|hy|շ}} – š
|colspan=2| /{{IPA link|x}} ~ {{IPA link|χ}}/{{efn-lr|name=velar_uvular|Sources differ on the place of articulation of these consonants.}} {{lang|hy|խ}} – x 
| {{IPAslink|h}} {{lang|hy|հ}} – h
|-
! <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
| {{IPAslink|v}} {{lang|hy|վ}} – v
| {{IPAslink|z}} {{lang|hy|զ}} – z
| {{IPAslink|ʒ}} {{lang|hy|ժ}} – ž
|colspan=2| /{{IPA link|ɣ}} ~ {{IPA link|ʁ}}/{{efn-lr|name=velar_uvular}} {{lang|hy|ղ}} – ġ 
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Approximant]]
| ({{IPA link|ʋ}})
| {{IPAslink|l}} {{lang|hy|լ}} – l
| {{IPAslink|j}} {{lang|hy|յ}} – y
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
| {{IPAslink|r}} {{lang|hy|ռ}} – ṙ
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Tap and flap consonants|Flap]]
|
|/{{IPA link|ɾ}}/ {{lang|hy|ր}} – r
|
|
|
|
|}
{{notelist-lr}}

The major phonetic difference between dialects is in the reflexes of Classical Armenian [[voice-onset time]]. The seven dialect types have the following correspondences, illustrated with the t–d series:<ref>{{Harvnb|Price|2005}}</ref>
:{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|+Correspondence in initial position
!Armenian Letter
|Թ
|Տ
|Դ
|-
![[Proto-Indo-European language|Indo-European]]
|*{{IPA|t}}
|*{{IPA|d}}
|*{{IPA|dʰ}}
|-
![[Erzurum|Karin]], [[Sivas, Turkey|Sebastia]]
| rowspan="6" |{{IPA|tʰ}}
|{{IPA|d}}
|{{IPA|dʱ}}
|-
![[Istanbul]]
|colspan=2|{{IPA|d}}
|-
![[Kharberd]], [[Middle Armenian]]
| rowspan="2" |{{IPA|d}}
|{{IPA|t}}
|-
![[Malatya]], [[Western Armenian|SWA]]
|{{IPA|tʰ}}
|-
![[Classical Armenian]], [[Yuxarı Əylis|Agulis]], [[Eastern Armenian|SEA]], [[Yerevan dialect|Yerevan]]
|{{IPA|t}}
|{{IPA|d}}
|-
![[Van, Turkey|Van]], Artsakh
|colspan=2|{{IPA|t}}
|}