Editing Arabic (section)

=== Nahda ===
The ''[[Nahda]]'' was a cultural and especially literary renaissance of the 19th century in which writers sought "to fuse Arabic and European forms of expression."<ref name="Gelvin-2020">{{Cite book|last=Gelvin|first=James L.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1122689432|title=The modern Middle East : a history|date=2020|isbn=978-0-19-007406-7|edition=Fifth|location=New York|pages=112|oclc=1122689432}}</ref> According to [[James L. Gelvin]], "''Nahda'' writers attempted to simplify the Arabic language and script so that it might be accessible to a wider audience."<ref name="Gelvin-2020" />

In the wake of the [[Industrial Revolution|industrial revolution]] and European [[hegemony]] and [[colonialism]], pioneering Arabic presses, such as the [[Amiri Press]] established by [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali]] (1819), dramatically changed the diffusion and consumption of Arabic [[Arabic literature|literature]] and publications.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.library.yale.edu/neareast/exhibitions/earlyprinting1.html|title=Early Arabic Printing: Movable Type & Lithography|last=Okerson|first=Ann|date=2009|website=Yale University Library|access-date=20 February 2020|archive-date=18 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218151558/http://www.library.yale.edu/neareast/exhibitions/earlyprinting1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Rifa'a al-Tahtawi]] proposed the establishment of [[Madrasat al-Alsun]] in 1836 and led a translation campaign that highlighted the need for a lexical injection in Arabic, to suit concepts of the industrial and post-industrial age (such as ''sayyārah'' {{lang|ar|سَيَّارَة}} 'automobile' or ''bākhirah'' {{lang|ar|باخِرة}} 'steamship').<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hamzaoui |first=Rached |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/462880236 |title=L'Academie de Langue Arabe du Caire |publisher=Publications de l'Université de Tunis |year=1975 |oclc=462880236 |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=الشيال |first=جمال الدين |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1041872985 |title=رفاعة الطهطاوي : زعيم النهضة الفكرية في عصر محمد علي |oclc=1041872985}}</ref>

In response, a number of Arabic academies modeled after the {{Lang|fr|[[Académie française]]}} were established with the aim of developing standardized additions to the Arabic lexicon to suit these transformations,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sawaie|first=Mohammed|date=2011-05-30|title=Language Academies|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics/language-academies-EALL_COM_vol2_0082#d10645177e183|journal=Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics|language=en|access-date=20 February 2020|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227053137/https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics/language-academies-EALL_COM_vol2_0082#d10645177e183|url-status=live}}</ref> first in [[Arab Academy of Damascus|Damascus]] (1919), then in [[Academy of the Arabic Language in Cairo|Cairo]] (1932), [[Iraqi Academy of Sciences|Baghdad]] (1948), [[Institute for Studies and Research on Arabization|Rabat]] (1960), [[Jordan Academy of Arabic|Amman]] (1977), {{Interlanguage link|Academy of the Arabic Language in Khartum|lt=Khartum|ar|مجمع اللغة العربية بالخرطوم}} (1993), and [[Tunisian Academy of Sciences, Letters, and Arts|Tunis]] (1993).<ref name="UNESCO-2019">{{Cite book|last=UNESCO|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PhnLDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA19|title=بناء مجتمعات المعرفة في المنطقة العربية|date=2019-12-31|publisher=UNESCO Publishing|isbn=978-92-3-600090-9|language=ar|access-date=31 March 2021|archive-date=5 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210405055054/https://books.google.com/books?id=PhnLDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA19|url-status=live}}</ref> They review language development, monitor new words and approve the inclusion of new words into their published standard dictionaries. They also publish old and historical Arabic manuscripts.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}

In 1997, a bureau of Arabization standardization was added to the [[Arab League Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization|Educational, Cultural, and Scientific Organization]] of the [[Arab League]].<ref name="UNESCO-2019" /> These academies and organizations have worked toward the [[Arabization]] of the sciences, [[Neologism|creating terms]] in Arabic to describe new concepts, toward the standardization of these new terms throughout the Arabic-speaking world, and toward the development of Arabic as a [[world language]].<ref name="UNESCO-2019" /> This gave rise to what Western scholars call Modern Standard Arabic. From the 1950s, [[Arabization]] became a postcolonial nationalist policy in countries such as Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco,<ref>{{cite book|last=Tilmatine|first=Mohand|chapter=Arabization and linguistic domination: Berber and Arabic in the North of Africa|title=Language Empires in Comparative Perspective|year=2015|pages=1–16|place=Berlin, München, Boston|publisher=DE GRUYTER|doi=10.1515/9783110408362.1|isbn=978-3-11-040836-2|s2cid=132791029 }}</ref> and Sudan.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Seri-Hersch|first=Iris|date=2020-12-02|title=Arabization and Islamization in the Making of the Sudanese "Postcolonial" State (1946-1964)|journal=Cahiers d'études africaines|issue=240|pages=779–804|doi=10.4000/etudesafricaines.32202|s2cid=229407091|issn=0008-0055|doi-access=free}}</ref>