Editing Almohad Caliphate (section)

=== Language ===
The use of [[Berber languages]] was important in [[Almohad doctrine]]. Under the Almohads, the [[Khutbah|''khuṭba'']] (sermon) at [[Friday prayer]] was made to be delivered in Arabic and [[Berber languages|Berber]], with the latter referred to as ''[[Lisan al-Gharbi|al-lisān al-gharbī]]'' ({{Langx|ar|اللسان الغربي|lit=the western tongue|links=no}}) by the Andalusi historian {{Ill|Ibn Ṣāḥib aṣ-Ṣalāt|ar|ابن صاحب الصلاة}}.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Linda G. |url= |title=Spanning the Strait: Studies in Unity in the Western Mediterranean |publisher=Brill |year=2013 |isbn=978-90-04-25664-4 |editor-last=Liang |editor-first=Yuen-Gen |pages=76–80 |language=en |chapter=The Preaching of the Almohads: Loyalty and Resistance across the Strait of Gibraltar |editor-last2=Balbale |editor-first2=Abigail |editor-last3=Devereux |editor-first3=Andrew |editor-last4=Gómez-Rivas |editor-first4=Camilo |chapter-url=https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004256644/B9789004256644_004.xml}}</ref> For example, the ''[[Khatib|khaṭīb]]'', or sermon-giver, of [[University of al-Qarawiyyin|al-Qarawiyyīn Mosque]] in Fes, Mahdī b. 'Īsā, was replaced under the Almohads by Abū l-Ḥasan b. 'Aṭiyya khaṭīb because he was fluent in Berber.<ref name=":0" />

As the Almohads rejected the status of [[Dhimmi|''Dhimma'']], the Almohad conquest of [[al-Andalus]] caused the emigration of [[Mozarabs|Andalusi Christians]] from southern Iberia to the Christian north,{{Sfn|Bennison|2016|p=|pp=173–174}} which had an impact on the use of [[Andalusi Romance|Romance]] within Almohad territory. After the Almohad period, Muslim territories in Iberia were reduced to the [[Emirate of Granada]], in which the percentage of the population that had converted to Islam reached 90% and Arabic-Romance bilingualism seems to have disappeared.<ref name=":33">{{Cite book |last=Bulliet |first=Richard W. |date=1979 |title=Conversion to Islam in the Medieval Period |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674732810 |publisher=De Gruyter |doi=10.4159/harvard.9780674732810|isbn=9780674732803 }} ''Cited in'' {{Citation |last=Morillas |first=Consuelo López |title=Language |date=2000 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/CBO9781139177870A009/type/book_part |work=The Literature of Al-Andalus |pages=31–59 |editor-last=Menocal |editor-first=María Rosa |access-date=2023-02-17 |edition=1st |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/chol9780521471596.004 |isbn=978-0-521-47159-6 |editor2-last=Scheindlin |editor2-first=Raymond P. |editor3-last=Sells |editor3-first=Michael}}</ref>

The French Orientalist Georges-Séraphin Colin—based on a collection of Almohad-era texts heavily influenced by vernacular speech, edited by [[Évariste Lévi-Provençal]]—identifies various points of contact and divergence between [[Andalusi Arabic]] and [[Maghrebi Arabic]] in the Almohad period.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Colin |first=Georges-Séraphin |date=1930 |title=Sur l'arabe marocain de l'époque almohade |url=https://www.hesperis-tamuda.com/Downloads/1930-1939/Hesp%C3%A9ris%20Tamuda%201930.pdf |journal=[[Hespéris]] |language=fr |volume=10 |pages=104–120 |issn=0399-0052}}</ref>