Editing Algeria (section)

=== Civil War (1991–2002) and aftermath ===
{{main|Algerian Civil War}}
[[File:Algerian massacres 1997-1998.png|thumb|[[List of massacres during the Algerian Civil War|Massacres]] of over 50 people in 1997–1998. The [[Armed Islamic Group|Armed Islamic Group (GIA)]] claimed responsibility for many of them.]]
In December 1991 the [[Islamic Salvation Front]] dominated the first of two rounds of [[Algerian legislative election, 1991|legislative elections]]. Fearing the election of an Islamist government, the authorities intervened on 11 January 1992, cancelling the elections. Bendjedid resigned and a [[High Council of State (Algeria)|High Council of State]] was installed to act as the Presidency. It banned the FIS, triggering a civil [[insurgency]] between the Front's armed wing, the [[Armed Islamic Group of Algeria|Armed Islamic Group]], and the national armed forces, in which more than 100,000 people are thought to have died. The Islamist militants conducted a violent campaign of [[List of massacres during the Algerian Civil War|civilian massacres]].<ref>"[https://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/30/world/98-die-in-one-of-algerian-civil-war-s-worst-massacres.html 98 Die in One of Algerian Civil War's Worst Massacres ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623134112/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/30/world/98-die-in-one-of-algerian-civil-war-s-worst-massacres.html |date=23 June 2017 }}". ''The New York Times''. 30 August 1997.</ref>{{Failed verification|date=November 2023|reason=Graphic description of one massacre, but no mention of 100k or a "campaign"}} At several points in the conflict, the situation in Algeria became a point of international concern, most notably during the crisis surrounding [[Air France Flight 8969]], a hijacking perpetrated by the Armed Islamic Group. The Armed Islamic Group declared a ceasefire in October 1997.<ref name="faco" />

Algeria held [[Algerian presidential election, 1999|elections in 1999]], considered biased by international observers and most opposition groups<ref>{{cite web|url = http://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2013/algeria|title = Freedom in the World 2013: Algeria|publisher = Freedom House|author = Freedom House|access-date = 22 January 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140202094239/http://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2013/algeria|archive-date = 2 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> which were won by President [[Abdelaziz Bouteflika]]. He worked to restore political stability to the country and announced a "Civil Concord" initiative, approved in a [[Algerian Civil Concord referendum, 1999|referendum]], under which many political prisoners were pardoned, and several thousand members of armed groups were granted exemption from prosecution under a limited amnesty, in force until 13 January 2000. The AIS disbanded and levels of insurgent violence fell rapidly. The [[Groupe Salafiste pour la Prédication et le Combat]] (GSPC), a splinter group of the Armed Islamic Group, continued a terrorist campaign against the Government.<ref name="faco" />

Bouteflika was re-elected in the [[Algerian presidential election, 2004|April 2004 presidential election]] after campaigning on a programme of national reconciliation. The programme comprised economic, institutional, political and social reform to modernise the country, raise living standards, and tackle the causes of alienation. It also included a second amnesty initiative, the [[Charter for Peace and National Reconciliation]], which was approved in a [[Algerian national reconciliation referendum, 2005|referendum in September 2005]]. It offered amnesty to most guerrillas and Government security forces.<ref name="faco" />

In November 2008, the [[Algerian Constitution]] was amended following a vote in Parliament, removing the two-term limit on Presidential incumbents. This change enabled Bouteflika to stand for re-election in the [[Algerian presidential election, 2009|2009 presidential elections]], and he was re-elected in April 2009. During his election campaign and following his re-election, Bouteflika promised to extend the programme of national reconciliation and a $150-billion spending programme to create three million new jobs, the construction of one million new housing units, and to continue public sector and infrastructure modernisation programmes.<ref name="faco" />

A continuing series of protests throughout the country started on 28 December 2010, inspired by similar [[Arab Spring|protests across the Middle East and North Africa]]. On 24 February 2011, the government lifted Algeria's 19-year-old [[state of emergency]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.cnn.com/2011-02-24/world/algeria.emergency_1_islamist-party-algerian-press-service-emergency-declaration |title=Algeria Officially Lifts State of Emergency |publisher=CNN |date=24 February 2011 |access-date=27 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301134330/http://articles.cnn.com/2011-02-24/world/algeria.emergency_1_islamist-party-algerian-press-service-emergency-declaration |archive-date=1 March 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The government enacted legislation dealing with political parties, the electoral code, and the representation of women in elected bodies.<ref name="aaeo">{{cite web|title=Algeria|url=http://www.africaneconomicoutlook.org/en/countries/north-africa/algeria/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326032434/http://www.africaneconomicoutlook.org/en/countries/north-africa/algeria/|archive-date=26 March 2013|access-date=6 January 2013|publisher=African Economic Outlook}}</ref> In April 2011, Bouteflika promised further constitutional and political reform.<ref name="faco">{{cite web|title=Country Profile: Algeria |url=http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/country-profile/middle-east-north-africa/algeria/?profile=all |publisher=Foreign and Commonwealth Office |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213054455/http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/country-profile/middle-east-north-africa/algeria/?profile=all |archive-date=13 December 2010 }}</ref> However, elections are routinely criticised by opposition groups as unfair and international human rights groups say that media censorship and harassment of political opponents continue.

On 2 April 2019, Bouteflika resigned from the presidency after [[2019–2020 Algerian protests|mass protests]] against his candidacy for a fifth term in office.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/04/algeria-parliament-meet-tuesday-interim-president-190406201605242.html |title=Algeria parliament to meet on Tuesday to name interim president |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=6 April 2019 |access-date=7 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407103512/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/04/algeria-parliament-meet-tuesday-interim-president-190406201605242.html |archive-date=7 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In December 2019, [[Abdelmadjid Tebboune]] became Algeria's president, after winning the first round of the [[2019 Algerian presidential election|presidential election]] with a record abstention rate – the highest of all presidential elections since Algeria's democracy in 1989. Tebboune is accused of being close to the military and being loyal to the deposed president. Tebboune rejects these accusations, claiming to be the victim of a witch hunt. He also reminds his detractors that he was expelled from the Government in August 2017 at the instigation of oligarchs languishing in prison.<ref>{{cite news |date=17 December 2019 |title=Algeria: Who is new president Abdelmadjid Tebboune? |work=The Africa Report.com |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/21301/algeria-who-is-new-president-abdelmadjid-tebboune/ |access-date=17 December 2021 |archive-date=17 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217204433/https://www.theafricareport.com/21301/algeria-who-is-new-president-abdelmadjid-tebboune/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In September 2024, President Tebboune [[2024 Algerian presidential election|won]] a second term with a landslide 84.3 percent of the vote, although his opponents called the results fraud.<ref>{{cite news |title=Algeria court certifies President Tebboune's landslide re-election win |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/9/14/algeria-court-certifies-president-tebbounes-landslide-re-election-win |work=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>