Editing Alexis Carrel (section)

== French Foundation for the Study of Human Problems ==
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[[File:The American Museum journal (1912) (17537880474).jpg|left|thumb|upright=0.7]]
In 1937, Carrel joined the Centre d'Etudes des Problèmes Humains, which was led by [[Jean Coutrot]]. Coutrot's goal was to develop what he called an "economic humanism" through "collective thinking." However, in 1941, Carrel went on to advocate for the creation of the [[French Foundation for the Study of Human Problems]] (Fondation Française pour l'Etude des Problèmes Humains). This foundation was created by decree of the [[Vichy France|Vichy regime]] in 1941, and Carrel served as a "regent." Carrel's connections to the cabinet of Vichy France president [[Philippe Pétain]], specifically French industrial physicians André Gros and Jacques Ménétrier, helped pave the way for the creation of the foundation.<ref name="Andrés Horacio Reggiani p. 107" />

The foundation played a significant role in the establishment of the field of [[occupational medicine]], which was institutionalized by the [[Provisional Government of the French Republic]] (GPRF) through the 11 October 1946 law. The foundation's efforts were not limited to occupational medicine and extended to other areas such as demographics, economics, nutrition, habitation, and opinion polls. Notable figures associated with the foundation's work include Robert Gessain, Paul Vincent, Jean Bourgeois-Pichat, [[François Perroux]], Jean Sutter, and Jean Stoetzel. The foundation achieved several notable accomplishments throughout its history.<ref name="Reggiani" /> It played a crucial role in the promotion of the 16 December 1942 Act, which mandated the use of a prenuptial certificate before marriage. This certificate aimed to ensure the good health of spouses, particularly regarding sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and "life hygiene." Additionally, the institute created the livret scolaire, a document that recorded the grades of French secondary school students, allowing for the classification and selection of students based on academic performance.{{sfn|Reggiani|2002|pp=331–356}}

Gwen Terrenoire's book, "''Eugenics in France (1913–1941): a review of research findings''," describes the Foundation for the Study of Human Problems as a pluridisciplinary center that employed approximately 300 researchers, primarily statisticians, psychologists, and physicians, from the summer of 1942 until the end of autumn 1944. Following the [[liberation of Paris]], Alexis Carrel, the founder, was suspended by the Minister of Health, and he died in November 1944. The Foundation underwent a purge and emerged shortly afterward as the [[Institut national d'études démographiques]] (INED), which is still active today.<ref>Gwen Terrenoire, "Eugenics in France (1913–1941)  a review of research findings", Joint Programmatic Commission [[UNESCO]]-ONG Science and Ethics, 2003 {{cite web|url=http://ong-comite-liaison.unesco.org/ongpho/acti/3/2/document/8/pdfen.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=12 February 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060218180717/http://ong-comite-liaison.unesco.org/ongpho/acti/3/2/document/8/pdfen.pdf |archive-date=18 February 2006 }}</ref> Although Carrel had died, most of his team transferred to INED, which was headed by demographer [[Alfred Sauvy]], who coined the term "Third World." Other team members joined the Institut national d'hygiène (National Hygiene Institute), later known as [[Inserm|INSERM]].