Editing Adoption (section)

===Forms of adoption===
Contemporary adoption practices can be open or closed.
* [[Open adoption]] allows identifying information to be communicated between adoptive and biological parents and, perhaps, interaction between kin and the adopted person.<ref>[https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubPDFs/f_openadopt.pdf#page=2&view=What%20Is%20Open%20Adoption? Openness in Adoption: Building Relationships Between Adoptive and Birth Families] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727212749/https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubPDFs/f_openadopt.pdf#page=2&view=What%20Is%20Open%20Adoption? |date=27 July 2020 }}, Child Welfare Information Gateway, January 2013, Retrieved 1 January 2019</ref> Open adoption can be an informal arrangement subject to termination by adoptive parents who have sole custody over the child. In some jurisdictions, the biological and adoptive parents may enter into a legally enforceable and binding agreement concerning visitation, exchange of information, or other interaction regarding the child.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Postadoption Contact Agreements Between Birth and Adoptive Families |year=2005 |publisher=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Children's Bureau |url=http://childwelfare.gov/systemwide/laws_policies/statutes/cooperative.cfm |access-date=10 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513140059/http://www.childwelfare.gov/systemwide/laws_policies/statutes/cooperative.cfm |archive-date=13 May 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As of February 2009, 24 U.S. states allowed legally enforceable open adoption contract agreements to be included in the adoption finalization.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Postadoption Contact Agreements Between Birth and Adoptive Families: Summary of State Laws |year=2009 |publisher=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Children's Bureau |url=http://www.childwelfare.gov/systemwide/laws_policies/statutes/cooperativeall.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.childwelfare.gov/systemwide/laws_policies/statutes/cooperativeall.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* The practice of [[closed adoption]] (also called confidential or secret adoption),<ref>See, e.g., {{cite journal |last1=Seymore |first1=Malinda L. |title=Openness in International Adoption |journal=Texas A&M Law Scholarship |date=March 2015}}</ref> which has not been the norm for most of modern history,<ref>Ellen Herman, Adoption History Project, University of Oregon, [http://www.uoregon.edu/~adoption/topics/confidentiality.htm Topic: Confidentiality] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090403161936/http://www.uoregon.edu/~adoption/topics/confidentiality.htm |date=3 April 2009 }}</ref> seals all identifying information, maintaining it as secret and preventing disclosure of the adoptive parents', biological kin's, and adoptees' identities. Nevertheless, closed adoption may allow the transmittal of non-identifying information such as medical history and religious and ethnic background.<ref>[http://www.bethany.org/A55798/bethanyWWW.nsf/0/BA94676902EC1CDE85256CE10073B4E8 Bethany Christian Services] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070407131342/http://www.bethany.org/A55798/bethanyWWW.nsf/0/BA94676902EC1CDE85256CE10073B4E8 |date=7 April 2007 }}</ref> Today, as a result of [[safe haven law]]s passed by some U.S. states, secret adoption is seeing renewed influence. In so-called "safe-haven" states, infants can be left anonymously at hospitals, fire departments, or police stations within a few days of birth, a practice criticized by some adoption advocacy organizations as being retrograde and dangerous.<ref>[http://www.stopdumpingkids.com SECA Organization] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20090210060146/http://www.stopdumpingkids.com/ |date=10 February 2009 }}</ref>