Editing Abdominal obesity (section)

=== Alcohol consumption ===
A study has shown that [[alcohol consumption]] is directly associated with waist circumference and with a higher risk of abdominal obesity in men, but not in women. After controlling for energy under-reporting, which have slightly attenuated these associations, it was observed that increasing alcohol consumption significantly increased the risk of exceeding recommended energy intakes in male participants – but not in the small number of female participants (2.13%) with elevated alcohol consumption, even after establishing a lower number of drinks per day to characterize women as consuming a high quantity of alcohol. [[Further research is needed]] to determine whether a significant relationship between alcohol consumption and abdominal obesity exists among women who consume higher amounts of alcohol.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Schröder H, Morales-Molina JA, Bermejo S, Barral D, Mándoli ES, Grau M, Guxens M, de Jaime Gil E, Alvarez MD, Marrugat J | display-authors = 6 | title = Relationship of abdominal obesity with alcohol consumption at population scale | journal = European Journal of Nutrition | volume = 46 | issue = 7 | pages = 369–76 | date = October 2007 | pmid = 17885722 | doi = 10.1007/s00394-007-0674-7 | url = http://redheracles.net/media/upload/research/pdf/17885722.pdf | s2cid = 7185367 }}</ref>

A systemic review and meta-analysis failed to find data pointing towards a dose-dependent relationship between [[beer]] intake and general obesity or abdominal obesity at low or moderate intake levels (under ~500&nbsp;mL/day). However, high beer intake (above ~4&nbsp;L/wk) appeared to be associated with a higher degree of abdominal obesity specifically, particularly among men.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bendsen NT, Christensen R, Bartels EM, Kok FJ, Sierksma A, Raben A, Astrup A | title = Is beer consumption related to measures of abdominal and general obesity? A systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = Nutrition Reviews | volume = 71 | issue = 2 | pages = 67–87 | date = February 2013 | pmid = 23356635 | doi = 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2012.00548.x | doi-access = free }}</ref>