Editing A Clockwork Orange (novel) (section)

===Title<!--linked from 'A Clockwork Orange (film)'-->===
Burgess has offered several clarifications about the meaning and origin of its title:
* He had overheard the phrase "as queer as a clockwork orange" in a London pub in 1945 and assumed it was a [[Cockney]] expression. In ''Clockwork Marmalade'', an essay published in the ''[[The Listener (magazine)|Listener]]'' in 1972, he said that he had heard the phrase several times since that occasion. He also explained the title in response to a question from [[William K. Everson|William Everson]] on the television programme ''[[Camera Three]]'' in 1972, {{blockquote |text = Well, the title has a very different meaning but only to a particular generation of London Cockneys. It's a phrase which I heard many years ago and so fell in love with, I wanted to use it, the title of the book. But the phrase itself I did not make up. The phrase "as queer as a clockwork orange" is good old East London slang and it didn't seem to me necessary to explain it. Now, obviously, I have to give it an extra meaning. I've implied an extra dimension. I've implied the junction of the organic, the lively, the sweet – in other words, life, the orange – and the mechanical, the cold, the disciplined. I've brought them together in this kind of [[oxymoron]], this sour-sweet word.
|author = Anthony Burgess
|title = An examination of Kubrick's A Clockwork Orange<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ejM3odcn3Tk#t=7m23s ''An examination of Kubrick's A Clockwork Orange''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109093620/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ejM3odcn3Tk=7m23s |date=9 November 2016}} ''Camera Three'': Creative Arts Television, 2010-08-04. '''(Video)'''</ref><ref>[http://www.malcolmtribute.freeiz.com/aco/review.html ''Clockwork Orange: A review with William Everson''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710224804/http://www.malcolmtribute.freeiz.com/aco/review.html |date=10 July 2012}}. Retrieved: 2012-03-11.</ref>}}

No other record of the expression being used before 1962 has ever appeared,<ref name=dexter>{{cite book |last=Dexter |first=Gary |title=Why Not Catch-21?: The Stories Behind the Titles |publisher=Frances Lincoln Ltd. |year=2008 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/whynotcatch2100gary/page/200 200–203] |url=https://archive.org/details/whynotcatch2100gary/page/200 |isbn=978-0-7112-2925-9}}</ref> with [[Kingsley Amis]] going so far as to note in his ''Memoirs'' (1991) that no trace of it appears in [[Eric Partridge]]'s ''Dictionary of Historical Slang''. However, saying "as queer as&nbsp;..." followed by an improbable object: "... a clockwork orange", or "... a four-speed walking stick" or "... a left-handed corkscrew" etc. predates Burgess's novel.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bbcBCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1811 |title=The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English |isbn=978-1-317-37252-3 |last1=Dalzell |first1=Tom |last2=Victor |first2=Terry |date=26 June 2015 |publisher=Routledge |access-date=30 June 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708011846/https://books.google.com/books?id=bbcBCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1811 |archive-date=8 July 2020}}</ref> An early example, "as queer as Dick's hatband", appeared in 1796,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TbJKAAAAMAAJ&pg=PT184 |title=A Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue |last1=Grose |first1=Francis |year=1796 |access-date=30 June 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711235412/https://books.google.com/books?id=TbJKAAAAMAAJ&pg=PT184 |archive-date=11 July 2020}}</ref> and was alluded to in 1757.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ABw3AAAAMAAJ&q=dick's+hat+band&pg=PA152 |title=The Diarian Miscellany: Consisting of All the Useful and Entertaining Parts, Both Mathematical and Poetical, Extracted from the Ladies' Diary, from the Beginning of that Work in the Year 1704, Down to the End of the Year 1773. With Many Additional Solutions and Improvements |last1=Hutton |first1=Charles |year=1775}}</ref>
* His second explanation was that it was a pun on the Malay word ''orang'', meaning "man". The novella contains no other Malay words or links.<ref name=dexter/>
* In a prefatory note to ''A Clockwork Orange: A Play with Music'', he wrote that the title was a metaphor for "an organic entity, full of juice and sweetness and agreeable odour, being turned into a mechanism".<ref name=dexter/>
* In his essay ''Clockwork Oranges'', Burgess asserts that "this title would be appropriate for a story about the application of [[Ivan Pavlov|Pavlovian]] or mechanical laws to an organism which, like a fruit, was capable of colour and sweetness".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Burgess |first1=Anthony |title=1985 |date=2013 |publisher=Profile Books |isbn=978-1-84765-893-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4dB-zMYQJR0C&pg=PT86 |language=en |access-date=30 June 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225000135/https://books.google.com/books?id=4dB-zMYQJR0C&pg=PT86 |archive-date=25 February 2021}}</ref>
* While addressing the reader in a letter before some editions of the book, the author says that when a man ceases to have free will, they are no longer a man. "Just a clockwork orange", a shiny, appealing object, but "just a toy to be wound-up by either God or the Devil, or (what is increasingly replacing both) the State."

This title alludes to the protagonist's negative emotional responses to feelings of evil which prevent the exercise of his [[free will]] subsequent to the administration of the Ludovico Technique. To induce this conditioning, Alex is forced to watch scenes of violence on a screen that are [[operant conditioning|systematically paired]] with negative physical stimulation. The negative physical stimulation takes the form of [[nausea]] and "feelings of terror", which are caused by an [[emesis|emetic]] medicine administered just before the presentation of the films.<ref name=":1" />

In its original drafts, Burgess used the working title 'The Ludovico Technique,' as he himself described in the foreword in the April 1995 publication. Along with removing the 21st chapter as insisted by his publisher in the original 1962 edition, he would also change the finished product's name to its current title.