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==Chronological method== The ongoing [[Quaternary]] System/Period represents the last 2.58 million years since the end of the [[Neogene]] and is officially divided into the [[Pleistocene]] and [[Holocene]] Series/Epochs. The Holocene has been assigned an age of 11,700 calendar years before 2000 CE which means it began c. 9700 BC in the 10th millennium. It is preceded in the [[geological time scale]] by the [[Late Pleistocene]] sub-epoch, also known as the Tarantian Stage/Age, which awaits formal ratification by the [[International Union of Geological Sciences]] (IUGS) and tentatively spans the time from c. 126,000 BC to c. 9700 BC. Preceding the Late Pleistocene is the [[Middle Pleistocene]] sub-epoch, or Chibanian Stage/Age, which also awaits ratification and tentatively spans the time from c. 773,000 BC to c. 126,000 BC. The [[Early Pleistocene]] from c. 2,580,000 BC until c. 773,000 is sub-divided into two Stages/Ages which have been officially defined: the [[Gelasian]] (until c. 1,800,000 BC) and the [[Calabrian (stage)|Calabrian]].<ref name="Gibbard">{{cite journal|title=The Quaternary System/Period and its major sub-divisions|journal=Russian Geology and Geophysics|volume=56|issue=4|pages=686β688|doi=10.1016/j.rgg.2015.03.015|year=2015|last1=Gibbard|first1=P.L.|bibcode=2015RuGG...56..686G}}</ref> The [[Holocene calendar]], devised by [[Cesare Emiliani]] in 1993, places its [[epoch]] at 10,000 BC (with the year {{CURRENTYEAR}} being rendered as 1{{CURRENTYEAR}} HE). The Human Era calendar attempts to simplify the calculation of time spans across [[Common Era|the BC-CE divide]] by designating a more universally relevant epoch date: the start of human settlements (instead of the birth of [[Jesus Christ]]). CE dates can be converted by adding 10,000 years; converting BC dates requires subtraction from 10,001 (since the [[Gregorian calendar]] lacks a [[year zero]]).<ref name=emiliani>{{cite journal |title=Correspondence β Calendar Reform |first=Cesare |last=Emiliani |journal=Nature |volume=366 |issue=6457 |year=1993 |page=716 |doi=10.1038/366716b0 |pmid=8264791 |quote=Setting the beginning of the human era at 10,000 BC would date [...] the birth of Christ at [25 December] 10,000 |bibcode=1993Natur.366..716E|doi-access=free }}</ref>
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