Editing 1830s (section)

=== Cholera ===
{{Main|Second cholera pandemic}}

Historians believe that the [[First Cholera pandemic|first cholera pandemic]] had lingered in Indonesia and the Philippines in 1830. The second cholera pandemic spread from India to Russia and then to the rest of Europe claiming hundreds of thousands of lives.<ref>{{cite book |author1=J. N. Hays |url=https://archive.org/details/epidemicspandemi0000hays |title=Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-85109-658-9 |location=Santa Barbara, California |oclc=606929770 |url-access=registration}}</ref> It reached [[Moscow]] in August 1830, and by 1831, the epidemic had infiltrated Russia's main cities and towns.

Russian soldiers brought the disease to Poland during the [[November Uprising]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Raymond Durand |author-link1=Louis Marie Raymond Durand |title=Depesze z powstańczej Warszawy 1830–1831: raporty konsula francuskiego w Królestwie Polskim |publisher=Czytelnik |year=1980 |isbn=978-83-07-00254-5 |editor=Robert Bielecki |location=Warsaw |trans-title=Memoranda from Warsaw during the Uprising 1830–1831: reports of the French consul to the Kingdom of Poland |oclc=7732541}}</ref> "[[Cholera riots]]" occurred in Russia, caused by the anti-cholera measures undertaken by the [[tsarist]] government.

The epidemic reached western Europe later in 1831. In London, the disease claimed 6,536 victims; in Paris, 20,000 died (out of a population of 650,000), with about 100,000 deaths in all of France.<ref name="Rosenberg">{{cite book |last=Rosenberg |first=Charles E. |title=The Cholera Years: The United States in 1832, 1849, and 1866 |date=1987 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=0-226-72677-0}}</ref> In 1832 the epidemic reached [[Quebec]], [[Ontario]], and [[Nova Scotia]], Canada; and [[Detroit]] and [[New York City]] in the United States. It reached the Pacific coast of North America between 1832 and 1834.<ref name="cbc">{{cite news |date=December 2, 2008 |title=Cholera's seven pandemics |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/science/cholera-s-seven-pandemics-1.758504 |access-date=2008-12-11 |work=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}Note: The second pandemic started in India and reached [[Russian Empire|Russia]] by 1830, then spreading into [[Finland]] and Poland. A two-year outbreak began in England in October 1831 and claimed 22,000 lives. Irish immigrants fleeing poverty and the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Great Famine]], carried the disease from Europe to North America. Soon after the immigrants' arrival in Canada in the summer of 1832, 1,220 people died in Montreal and another 1,000 across Quebec. The disease entered the U.S. via ship traffic through [[Detroit]] and [[New York City]].  Spread by ship passengers, it reached Latin America by 1833. Another outbreak across England and Wales began in 1848, killing 52,000 over two years.</ref>