Editing Poet laureate (section)

=== Europe ===

==== Albania ====
During the 15th-16th centuries, [[Albania]]-born [[Mesihi of Prishtina]] was appointed as the court poet of the [[Grand Vizier]] [[Hadım Ali Pasha|Khadim Ali Pasha]].<ref name=":3" /> In 2021, Rudolf Marku became the first Poet Laureate of [[Albania]].<ref>{{Cite web |title="Weared with the sun and covered with the moon" Rudolf Marku brings the Anthology of Albanian poetry |url=https://politiko.al/english/e-tjera/veshun-me-diell-e-mbathur-me-hene-rudolf-marku-sjell-antologjia-e-poezis-i479473 |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=politiko.al}}</ref> He was followed by [[Luljeta Lleshanaku]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Luljeta Lleshanaku is declared 'Poet Laureate': Why has it been difficult to face the Albanian reader |url=https://www.voxnews.al/english/aktualitet/luljeta-lleshanaku-shpallet-poete-laureate-pse-ka-qene-e-veshtire-per-i51537 |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=Vox News}}</ref>

==== Austria ====
Poets laureate of [[Austria]] include [[Franz Grillparzer]], Kurt Wildgans and  [[Franz Werfel]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Harding |first=Bertita |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lWsZAQAAIAAJ |title=Concerto: The Story of Clara Schumann |date=1962 |publisher=G. G. Harrap |language=en}}{{page needed|date=September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hacohen |first1=Mordecai |title=Homeland: From Clandestine Immigration to Israeli Independence |date=2008 |publisher=Beaufort Books |isbn=978-0-8253-0590-0}}{{page needed|date=September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hacohen |first1=Malachi Haim |title=Jacob & Esau |date=2019 |isbn=978-1-108-22681-3 |doi=10.1017/9781108226813}}{{page needed|date=September 2024}}</ref> For cities, [[Paulus Melissus]] was made Poet Laureate of [[Vienna]] in 1561.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 22, 1964 |title=Lost Royal Poem Found |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=LHS19640422.2.72&srpos=276&e=-------en--20--261--txt-txIN-%22poet+laureate+of%22------- |website=La Habra Star}}</ref>

==== Belarus ====
Poets Laureate of [[Belarus]] include [[Maksim Tank]] and Pimen Panchenko.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Harlig |first1=Jeffrey |title=When East Met West: Sociolinguistics in the Former Socialist Bloc |last2=Pléh |first2=Csaba |date=1995 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-014585-4}}{{page needed|date=September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |title=Soviet Union: Political Affairs |date=7 July 1988 |publisher=[[United States Joint Publications Research Service]] |id={{DTIC|ADA350915}}}}{{page needed|date=September 2024}}</ref>

==== Belgium ====
Around 1914, several sources cited [[Marguerite Coppin]] as the Poet Laureate of [[Belgium]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LmCqD3feu6UC |title=World Wide |date=1915 |publisher=J.R. Dougall, F.E. Dougall. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hfg-AQAAIAAJ&q=marguerite+coppin+poet+laureate+belgium |title=The Nation |date=October 1914 |publisher=Nation Publishing Company Limited |language=en}}</ref> The first Poet Laureate of [[Belgium]], Charles Ducal, was chosen in 2014.<ref name="Belgium2">{{cite web |title=Els Moors: the new Belgian Poet Laureate {{pipe}} Flanders literature |url=https://www.flandersliterature.be/news/whats-going-on/els-moors-the-new-belgian-poet-laureate |website=www.flandersliterature.be}}</ref><ref name="Belgium1">{{cite web |title=Meet Belgium's first Poet Laureate |url=https://www.poetryinternational.org/pi/cou_article/24045/Meet-Belgiums-first-Poet-Laureate/en/nocache |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207003848/https://www.poetryinternational.org/pi/cou_article/24045/Meet-Belgiums-first-Poet-Laureate/en/nocache |archive-date=February 7, 2020 |access-date=February 6, 2020 |website=Poetry International Archives}}Dutch-language poet Charles Ducal</ref> He was followed by Laurence Vielle,<ref name="Belgium2" /> Els Moors,<ref name="Belgium2" /> Carl Norac,<ref name="Belgium3">{{cite web |title=BERSONG EURO-PINOY A FESTIVAL OF EUROPEAN AND FILIPINO POETRY AIRS LIVE ON 27 MAY {{pipe}} EEAS Website |url=https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/philippines/bersong-euro-pinoy-festival-european-and-filipino-poetry-airs-live-27-may_en?s=176 |website=www.eeas.europa.eu}}</ref> and Mustafa Kör.<ref name="Belgium3" />

==== Bosnia and Herzegovina ====
[[Radovan Karadžić]] was the Poet Laureate of [[Yugoslavia]] (particularly [[Republika Srpska]] of [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dojcinovic |first=Predrag |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X-vGBQAAQBAJ |title=Propaganda, War Crimes Trials and International Law: From Speakers' Corner to War Crimes |date=2013-03-01 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-58840-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Merrill |first=Christopher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iQ3qG1s0LSgC |title=Only the Nails Remain: Scenes from the Balkan Wars |date=2001-10-23 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7425-1686-1 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Bulgaria ====
Poets laureate of [[Bulgaria]] include [[Venko Markovski]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LFlhAAAAMAAJ |title=Harvard Slavic Studies |date=1953 |publisher=Harvard University Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CBpXAAAAYAAJ |title=The South Slav Journal |date=1986 |publisher=Dositey Obradovich Circle |language=en}}</ref>

==== Croatia ====
During the 15th-16th century, [[Elio Lampridio Cerva]] (Ilija Crijević) was appointed as the Poet Laureate of the [[Republic of Ragusa]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fine |first=John V. A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wEF5oN5erE0C |title=When Ethnicity Did Not Matter in the Balkans: A Study of Identity in Pre-Nationalist Croatia, Dalmatia, and Slavonia in the Medieval and Early-Modern Periods |date=2010-02-05 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=978-0-472-02560-2 |language=en}}</ref> Poets laureate of [[Croatia]] include [[Vladimir Nazor]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vuksić |first=Stojan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B-aEAAAAIAAJ |title=Ipsilonski dnevnik |date=1987 |publisher=S. Vuksić |language=sr}}</ref> For cities, Peter Menčetić was the Poet Laureate of [[Dubrovnik]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dvornik |first=Francis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LACpYP-g1y8C |title=The Slavs in European History and Civilization |date=1962 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |isbn=978-0-8135-0799-6 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Czech Republic ====
In 1596, Bartholomaeus Bilovius was made Poet Laureate of [[Prague]] due in part to his royal connections.<ref>{{cite book |title=Czech Lands, Part 1 |date=2020 |isbn=978-3-11-065018-1 |editor-last1=Storchová |editor-first1=Lucie |doi=10.1515/9783110650181}}{{page needed|date=September 2024}}</ref> Johann Christian Alois Mickl was crowned the Poet Laureate of Prague around 1730.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Haase |first1=Wolfgang |title=The Classical Tradition and the Americas: European images of the Americas and the classical tradition |last2=Reinhold |first2=Meyer |date=1994 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-011572-7}}{{page needed|date=September 2024}}</ref>

==== Denmark ====
In the 16th century, [[Hieronymus Osius]] was appointed the poet laureate by [[Christian III of Denmark|King Christian III of Denmark]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Flood |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B1ujbUq3NOcC |title=Poets Laureate in the Holy Roman Empire: A Bio-bibliographical Handbook |date=2011-09-08 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-091274-6 |language=en}}</ref> Poets laureate of [[Denmark]] include [[Christian Winther]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 31, 1897 |title=A Danish Star |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SDU18970731.2.44&srpos=242&e=-------en--20--241--txt-txIN-%22poet+laureate+of%22------- |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Sacramento Daily Union}}</ref>

==== Estonia ====
Poets laureate of [[Estonia]] include [[Jaan Kaplinski]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Salumets |first1=Thomas |title=Unforced Flourishing: Understanding Jaan Kaplinski |date=2014 |publisher=McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP |isbn=978-0-7735-9217-9}}{{page needed|date=September 2024}}</ref>

==== Finland ====
Poets laureate of [[Finland]] include [[Zachris Topelius]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gammerdinger |first=Harry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WyK1AAAAIAAJ |title=Folklore on Two Continents: Essays in Honor of Linda Dégh |date=1980 |publisher=Trickster Press |isbn=978-0-915305-01-8 |language=en}}</ref>

==== France ====
Around 1324, [[Arnaut Vidal de Castelnou d'Ari]] became the first Poet Laureate of the [[Consistori del Gay Saber]]. Poets laureate of [[France]] include [[Publio Fausto Andrelini]] (1496), [[Pierre Gringore]], [[Mellin de Saint-Gelais]] (appointed c. 1523 by [[Francis I of France]]), [[François de Malherbe]] (c. 1576), [[Giambattista Marino]] (1615–1623), Charles Dumas (1903), [[André Corthis]] (1906) and [[Paul Fort]] (1921).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gR2BkbsIWxEC |title=Latin for the New Millennium: Level 3: Student text |publisher=Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers |isbn=978-1-61041-069-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rosenberg |first1=Pierre |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FfrJYXuwZ7wC |title=France in the Golden Age: Seventeenth-century French Paintings in American Collections |last2=N.Y.) |first2=Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York |date=1982 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |isbn=978-0-87099-295-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Humanities |first=National Endowment for the |date=1903-09-23 |title=The Pacific commercial advertiser. [volume] (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands) 1885-1921, September 23, 1903, Image 6 |url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047084/1903-09-23/ed-1/seq-6/#date1=1880&index=0&rows=20&words=FRANCE+France+laureate+LAUREATE+POET+poet&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1963&proxtext=%22poet+laureate+of+france%22+&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1 |access-date=2024-09-24 |pages=6 |issn=2375-3137}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Humanities |first=National Endowment for the |date=1907-04-25 |title=The Carlisle independent. (Carlisle, Ark.) 1905-current, April 25, 1907, Image 2 |url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn92050006/1907-04-25/ed-1/seq-2/#date1=1880&index=5&rows=20&words=France+laureate+poet&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1963&proxtext=%22poet+laureate+of+france%22+&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1 |access-date=2024-09-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Humanities |first=National Endowment for the |date=1921-06-19 |title=The Washington herald. [volume] (Washington, D.C.) 1906-1939, June 19, 1921, Image 36 |url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045433/1921-06-19/ed-1/seq-36/#date1=1880&sort=relevance&rows=20&words=France+laureate+poet&searchType=basic&sequence=0&index=10&state=&date2=1963&proxtext=%22poet+laureate+of+france%22+&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=4 |access-date=2024-09-24 |issn=1941-0662}}</ref>

==== Germany ====
The first known Poet Laureate of the [[German Empire]] is Conradus Celtes Protuccius (c. 1466). He was succeeded by Matthäus Zuber,  [[Adam Schröter]] (1560), [[Johann Heermann]] (1608), Johannes Paulus Crusius (1616), [[Johann Rist]] (1644), [[Johann Georg Ahle]] (1680), [[Apostolo Zeno]] and [[Pietro Metastasio]] (1729) among others.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Rist, Johann von|volume=23|page=366}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Rogers |first=Charles |url=https://archive.org/stream/transactions08royauoft/transactions08royauoft_djvu.txt |title=TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL HISTORICAL SOCIETY. VOL. VIII. |date=1869 |publisher=Royal Historical Society (Great Britain)}}</ref> [[Georg Christian Lehms]] was the court poet in [[Darmstadt]], and [[Salomon Franck]] was a court poet during the 18th century. Regarding other cities, in the 1700s, [[Sidonia Hedwig Zäunemann]] was appointed as the Poet Laureate of [[Göttingen]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=West |first=Hugh Allen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9qFEAQAAIAAJ |title=From Tahiti to the Terror: George Forster, the Literature of Travel, and Social Thought in the Late Eighteenth Century |date=1979 |publisher=Stanford University |language=en}}</ref> Poets laureate of [[Nazi Germany]] include [[Hanns Johst]] from 1935 to 1946. {{interlanguage link|Rajvinder Singh|de}} was declared the Stadtschreiber of three different cities in Germany: [[Rheinsberg]] in 1999,<ref name="businessstandard">{{Cite news |date=March 15, 2017 |title=German President-elect has an Indian 'intellectual connection' |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/german-president-elect-has-an-indian-intellectual-connection-117031500352_1.html |newspaper=Business Standard India |via=Business Standard}}</ref> [[Remscheid]] in 2004,<ref name="businessstandard" /> and [[Trier]] in 2007.<ref name="businessstandard" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=Punjab-born German poet laureate Rajvinder Singh dies |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/german-poet-laureate-rajvinder-dies-351532 |website=Tribuneindia News Service}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=December 18, 2021 |title=Punjab-born German writer Rajvinder Singh passes away in Berlin |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/punjabborn-german-writer-rajvinder-singh-passes-away-in-berlin-101639817707905.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pisharoty |first=Sangeeta Barooah |date=September 1, 2012 |title='East and West meet in me' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/leisure/east-and-west-meet-in-me/article3839442.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Pioneer |first=The |title=Indian-origin poet Rajvinder Singh excels in German oeuvre |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2015/state-editions/indian-origin-poet-rajvinder-singh-excels-in-german-oeuvre.html |website=The Pioneer}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=May 22, 2021 |title=Acclaimed community theatre artiste Channi succumbs to virus |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/theatre/acclaimed-community-theatre-artiste-channi-succumbs-virus-1502968408.html |website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]}}</ref>

==== Greece ====
In the 6th century, [[Simonides of Ceos]] was appointed as the poet laureate of the [[Aleuadae#Historical Aleuadae|Scopadae and Aleuadae]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Warner |first1=Charles Dudley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ixEIAQAAIAAJ |title=The Warner Library: The world's best literature |last2=Cunliffe |first2=John William |last3=Thorndike |first3=Ashley Horace |last4=Ayres |first4=Harry Morgan |last5=Keller |first5=Helen Rex |last6=Lomer |first6=Gerhard Richard |date=1917 |publisher=Warner Library Company |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sacks |first1=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yyrao0dadqAC |title=Encyclopedia of the Ancient Greek World |last2=Murray |first2=Oswyn |last3=Brody |first3=Lisa R. |date=2014-05-14 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-1020-2 |language=en}}</ref> In the 12th century, [[Theodore Prodromos]] was appointed as the court poet during the reigns of [[John II Komnenos]] (1118–1143) and [[Manuel I Komnenos]] (1143–1180). [[Greece]]'s modern poets laureate include Spyros Matsoukas (c. 1909) and [[Kostis Palamas]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MEAeAQAAMAAJ |title=Journal of the Hellenic Diaspora |date=1978 |publisher=Pella Publishing Company |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 13, 1909 |title=Writer Seeking Funds to Build Up Big Navy |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SDU19090913.2.30&srpos=182&e=-------en--20--181--txt-txIN-%22poet+laureate+of%22------- |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=Sacramento Daily Union}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Psoni |first=Anastasia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GFWCDwAAQBAJ |title=The Image of the Feminine in the Poetry of W.B. Yeats and Angelos Sikelianos |date=2018-12-19 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-5275-2380-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=llloAAAAMAAJ |title=Modern Greek Studies Yearbook |date=1992 |publisher=University of Minnesota |language=en}}</ref>

==== Holy See ====
{{main|Papal poet laureate}}
[[Pope]]s have several times named poets laureate, but the practice has been irregular.

==== Hungary ====
Poets laureate of [[Hungary]] include [[János Arany]] and [[Zsófia Balla]] (2018).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wpUAAAAYAAJ |title=Etudes Slaves Et Est-européennes: Slavic and East-European Studies |date=1961 |publisher=Presses de l'Université Laval |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-23 |title=Zsófia Balla |url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/balla-zsofia |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=Jewish Women's Archive |language=en}}</ref>

==== Iceland ====
In the 10th century, [[Hallfreðr vandræðaskáld]] was the [[court poet]] (''skald'') first of [[Hákon Sigurðarson]], then of [[Óláfr Tryggvason]] and finally of [[Eiríkr Hákonarson]]. [[Eilífr Goðrúnarson]] was another court poet of [[Hákon Sigurðarson]]. Also, in the 10th century, [[Tindr Hallkelsson]] was the earl [[Hákon Sigurðarson]]. In the 11th century, [[Sigvatr Þórðarson]] was the court poet of King [[Olaf II of Norway]], [[Canute the Great]], [[Magnus I of Norway|Magnus the Good]] and [[Anund Jacob]]. Also, in the 11th century, [[Þórarinn loftunga]] was the court poet of King [[Canute]] and [[Sveinn Knútsson]]. Other 11th century court poets include [[Þjóðólfr Arnórsson]] and [[Arnórr jarlaskáld]]. Poets laureate of [[Iceland]] include [[Einar Benediktsson]] and [[Stephan G. Stephansson]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bédé |first1=Jean Albert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_JLL32RzrkC |title=Columbia Dictionary of Modern European Literature |last2=Edgerton |first2=William Benbow |date=1980 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-03717-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Marsh |first=James H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wR_-aSFyvuYC |title=The Canadian Encyclopedia |date=1999 |publisher=The Canadian Encyclopedia |isbn=978-0-7710-2099-5 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Ireland ====
The [[Kingdom of Ireland]] had a poet laureate; the last holder of the title was [[Robert Jephson]], who died in 1803.<ref>[[Hugh Montgomery-Massingberd]], ''Burke's Irish Family Records'' (1976) [http://griffiths.askaboutireland.ie/gv4/nbl/lh_nbl_show5.php?mysession=&choice=&id=051662&pdfpage=670 p. 634] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023230744/http://griffiths.askaboutireland.ie/gv4/nbl/lh_nbl_show5.php?mysession=&choice=&id=051662&pdfpage=670|date=October 23, 2021}}.</ref>

The closest modern equivalent in [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] is the title ''[[Saoi]]'' ["wise one"] held by up to seven members at a time of [[Aosdána]], an official body of those engaged in fine arts, literature, and music. Poets awarded the title include [[Máire Mhac an tSaoi]], [[Anthony Cronin]], and [[Seamus Heaney]]. In terms of districts, [[Rachael Hegarty]] is the Poet Laureate of [[Dublin 1]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poet Laureate: Rachael Hegarty {{!}} Dublin 1 {{!}} Poetry Town {{!}} Poetry Ireland |url=https://www.poetryireland.ie/poetry-town/dublin-1/town-details/poet-laureate |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=www.poetryireland.ie}}</ref>

==== Italy ====
During the 13th century, [[France]]-born [[Raimbaut de Vaqueiras]] served as the court poet of [[Boniface I of Montferrat]]. Poets laureate of [[Italy]] include [[Albertino Mussato]], [[Petrarch]] (1341), Camillo Querno (1514), [[Torquato Tasso]] (1595), [[Maria Maddalena Morelli|Maria Maddalena Morelli Fernandez]] (1776) and [[Giovanni Prati]] (1849).<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Cooper |first=Thompson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VngLa-RvPfQC |title=Men of the Time: A Dictionary of Contemporaries, Containing Biographical Notices of Eminent Characters of Both Sexes |date=1879 |publisher=G. Routledge |language=en}}</ref><ref>Lindon 2005, n.p.</ref> In 1452, [[Niccolò Perotti]] was made Poet Laureate of [[Bologna]].<ref>Egmont Lee, ''Sixtus IV and men of letters'' (Ed. di Storia e Letteratura, 1970), page 88.</ref> In the 16th century, [[Bernardo Bellincioni]] was appointed as the court poet for [[Lorenzo the Magnificent]] in [[Florence]] and [[Ludovico Sforza]].

==== Latvia ====
[[Jānis Sudrabkalns]] was the Poet Laureate of [[Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic|Latvian SSR]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6LAiAQAAIAAJ |title=Latvijas Kara muzeja gadagrāmata |date=2001 |publisher=Latvijas Kara Muzejs |isbn=978-9984-643-40-3 |language=lv}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Neimanis |first=George |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MHrDEAAAQBAJ |title=The Collapse of the Soviet Empire: A View from Riga |date=1997-02-19 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-0-313-02437-5 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Lithuania ====
Poets laureate of [[Lithuania]] include [[Bernardas Brazdžionis|Bernardas Brazdzionis]] and Kornelijus Platelis.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dart |first=John |date=1998-01-12 |title=Day for Knights |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-jan-12-me-7527-story.html |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-01 |title=2020 kovas. Prof. dr. Salman Akhtar prisimena Vilnių {{!}} Lietuvos psichoanalizės draugija |url=https://lpad.lt/2020-kovas-prof-dr-salman-akhtar-prisimena-vilniu/ |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=lpad.lt |language=lt-LT}}</ref>

==== Luxembourg ====
In 1555, [[Luxembourg]]-born [[Nicolaus Mameranus]] was crowned poet laureate by [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Warner |first=J. Christopher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5361CwAAQBAJ |title=The Making and Marketing of Tottel's Miscellany, 1557: Songs and Sonnets in the Summer of the Martyrs' Fires |date=2016-03-09 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-02497-2 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Malta ====
In 2023, [[Maria Grech Ganado]] became the inaugural Poet Laureate of [[Malta]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-12 |title=The inauguration of Malta's first Poet Laureate {{!}} Kunsill Nazzjonali Tal-Ktieb |url=https://ktieb.org.mt/en/news/the-inauguration-of-maltas-first-poet-laureate/ |access-date=2024-09-12 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==== Moldova ====
[[Moldova]]-born [[Adrian Păunescu]] was the poet laureate of [[Romanians|Romanian]] politician [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ionescu |first=Dan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ST8iAQAAIAAJ |title=From SSMR to the Republic of Moldova ± Pmr |date=2002 |publisher=Museum |isbn=978-9975-906-70-8 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Montenegro ====
Poets laureate of [[Montenegro]] include Tomo Joshov Vulkichevich.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mxRHAQAAMAAJ |title=Southern Lumberman ... |date=1920 |publisher=J.H. Baird Publishing Company |language=en}}</ref>

==== Netherlands ====
{{Main|Dichter des Vaderlands}}
The unofficial Poet Laureate of [[Netherlands]] is [[Tsead Bruinja]] as ''Dichter des Vaderlands'' (Poet of the Fatherland). The previous laureate was [[Ester Naomi Perquin]]. [[Gerrit Komrij]] was the first ''Dichter des Vaderlands''. The title was created by Dutch media.{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}} In terms of cities, [[Hester Knibbe]] served as the Poet Laureate of [[Rotterdam]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-04 |title=Hester Knibbe (poet) - Netherlands - Poetry International |url=http://www.poetryinternationalweb.net/pi/site/poet/item/4014 |access-date=2024-10-26 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064528/http://www.poetryinternationalweb.net/pi/site/poet/item/4014 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 }}</ref>

==== Norway ====
During the 9th century, [[Þorbjǫrn hornklofi]] was appointed as a court poet (''skald'') of [[King]] [[Harald I of Norway|Harald Fairhair]]. In the 11th century, [[Valgarðr á Velli]] was the court poet of King [[Harald Hardrada]] of Norway. Poets laureate of [[Norway]] include [[Arnold Eidslott]] (1986–2018).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kulturdepartementet |date=2011-06-17 |title=Dag Solstad tildelt statens æreslønn |url=https://www.regjeringen.no/nb/dep/kud/pressesenter/pressemeldinger/2011/dag-solstad-tildelt-statens-areslonn.html?id=648405 |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=Regjeringen.no |language=nb-NO}}</ref>

==== Poland ====
Poets laureate of [[Poland]] were appointed so by Popes: [[Klemens Janicki]] ([[Pope Paul III]]; 1540), [[Adam Schröter]] ([[Pope Pius IV]]; 1564), and [[Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski]] ([[Pope Urban VIII]], 1622).<ref>{{cite book |author=Jakub Zdzisław Lichański, wybór i wstęp |title=Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski poezje wybrane |date=1986 |publisher=Ludowa Spółdzielnia Wydawnicza |isbn=83-205-3961-7 |location=Warszawa |page=104}}<!-- auto-translated from Polish by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> [[Italy]]-born [[Carlo Sigismondo Capece]] was the court poet of Queen [[Maria Casimira of Poland]].

==== Portugal ====
In 1769, [[Italy]]-born [[Gaetano Martinelli]] was appointed as the court poet of [[Joseph I of Portugal]] and his daughter [[Maria I of Portugal|Maria I]]. Poets laureate of [[Portugal]] include [[Gil Vicente]] and [[Garcia de Resende]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gil Vicente summary {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/summary/Gil-Vicente-Portuguese-dramatist#:~:text=Gil%20Vicente,%20(born%20c.,great%20events%20and%20religious%20occasions. |access-date=2024-09-17 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bell |first=Aubrey Fitz Gerald |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DYoGAQAAIAAJ |title=Portuguese Literature |date=1922 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-7426-4418-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jayne |first=K. G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FqCyEAAAQBAJ |title=Vasco da Gama and his Successors, 1460–1580 |date=2023-05-03 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-85804-4 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Romania ====
Poets laureate of [[Romania]] include [[Vasile Alecsandri]] (1848–1881) and [[Octavian Goga]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=43NN-TSqgrAC |title=Vasile Alecsandri |publisher=Ardent Media |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5k0rAQAAMAAJ |title=The New Pioneer |date=1945 |publisher=Cultural Association for Americans of Roumanian Descent |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Livezeanu |first=Irina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6pRlDwAAQBAJ |title=Cultural Politics in Greater Romania: Regionalism, Nation Building, and Ethnic Struggle, 1918–1930 |date=2018-08-06 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-1-5017-2771-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lehrer |first=Milton G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oTlpAAAAMAAJ |title=Transylvania, History and Reality |date=1986 |publisher=Bartleby Press |isbn=978-0-910155-04-5 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Russia ====
In the 18th century, [[Vasily Zhukovsky]] was a court poet during the [[Russian Empire]]. Poets laureate of [[Russia]] include [[Gavrila Derzhavin]] and [[Mikhail Sholokhov]]'''.'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Magill |first=Frank Northen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DMM3AAAAMAAJ |title=Critical Survey of Poetry: Foreign Language Series |date=1984 |publisher=Salem Press |isbn=978-0-89356-350-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Buckler |first1=Julie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yeo9AAAAQBAJ |title=Rites of Place: Public Commemoration in Russia and Eastern Europe |last2=Johnson |first2=Emily D. |date=2013-08-31 |publisher=Northwestern University Press |isbn=978-0-8101-6659-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Björkegren |first=Hans |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zO8fAAAAMAAJ |title=Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn: A Biography |date=1972 |publisher=Third Press |isbn=978-0-89388-050-7 |language=en}}</ref> In 1923, Mӓjit Nurghӓniulї Ghafuri was appointed the Poet Laureate of [[Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Klein |first1=Leonard S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=az3MUpQx2okC |title=Encyclopedia of World Literature in the 20th Century |last2=Serafin |first2=Steven |last3=Glanze |first3=Walter D. |date=1981 |publisher=Ungar |isbn=978-0-8044-3135-4 |language=en}}</ref>

==== San Marino ====
Poets laureate of [[San Marino]] include [[Valery Larbaud]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Huddleston |first=Sisley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ByQ4AAAAIAAJ |title=Paris Salons, Cafés, Studios |date=1928 |publisher=J.B. Lippincott |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jolas |first=Eugène |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ek9VP-2n-MC |title=Eugene Jolas: Critical Writings, 1924-1951 |date=2009 |publisher=Northwestern University Press |isbn=978-0-8101-2581-0 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Serbia ====
Poets laureate of [[Serbia]] include the following:
*[[Matija Bećković]]<ref>{{cite book |author=Marko Živković |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fn_F3uZ7DTEC&pg=PA32 |title=Serbian Dreambook: National Imaginary in the Time of Milošević |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-253-22306-7 |page=32}}</ref>
*[[Charles Simić]]<ref>{{cite book |author=Nicholson Baker |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB90AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT263 |title=The Paul Chowder Chronicles: The Anthologist and Traveling Sprinkler, Two Novels |date=October 9, 2014 |publisher=Penguin Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-698-18173-1 |page=263}}</ref>
*[[Slobodan Selenić]]<ref>{{cite book |author=Laurence Mitchell |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0-Dd1-Rg4bUC&pg=PA49 |title=Serbia |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-84162-463-1 |page=49}}</ref>
*[[Jovan Dučić]]<ref>{{cite book |author1=Charles A. Ward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hrx1AAAAMAAJ |title=Studies in Ethnicity: The East European Experience in America |author2=Shashko, Philip |author3=Donald E. Pienkos |publisher=Boulder : East European Monographs; New York |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-914710-67-7 |page=114}}</ref>

==== Slovakia ====
Poets laureate of [[Slovakia]] include [[Pavol Országh Hviezdoslav]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RUMoAQAAMAAJ |title=Almanac |date=1991 |publisher=The Society |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eXEnAQAAMAAJ |title=Souvenir Program ... |date=1946 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Slovenia ====
Poets laureate of [[Slovenia]] include [[France Prešeren]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wilson |first=Thomas M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wAvcEAAAQBAJ |title=Europe: An Encyclopedia of Culture and Society [2 volumes] |date=2023-11-30 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=979-8-216-17140-9 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Spain ====
Mu'min ibn Said was the court poet of [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]] under [[Muhammad I of Córdoba|Muhammad I]] (d. 886) [an amir of the [[Emirate of Córdoba]]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=32PZAAAAMAAJ |title=Rosicrucian Digest |date=1965 |publisher=Supreme Council of the Rosicrucian Order |language=en}}</ref> In the 11th century in [[Spain]], [[Ibn Darraj al-Qastalli]] was appointed as the court poet of [[Almanzor]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=محمد |first=ابن دراج، أحمد بن |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IEwzAQAAMAAJ&q=%22%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B7%22+%22%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B1%22 |title=ديوان ابن دراج القسطلي |date=1969 |publisher=المكتب الاسلامي، |language=ar}}</ref> During the 13th century, [[Cerverí de Girona]] was appointed as the court poet of [[James the Conqueror]] and [[Peter III of Aragon|Peter the Great]]. Poets Laureate of [[Spain]] include [[Juan Eugenio Hartzenbusch]] (1869), [[José Zorrilla|José Zorrilla y Moral]] (1889), and [[Carolina Coronado]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Humanities |first=National Endowment for the |date=1869-03-09 |title=The New Orleans crescent. [volume] (New Orleans, La.) 1866-1869, March 09, 1869, Morning, Image 2 |url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015775/1869-03-09/ed-1/seq-2/#date1=1756&index=5&rows=20&words=laureate+poet+Spain&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1963&proxtext=%22poet+laureate+of+spain%22&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=2 |access-date=2024-09-24 |pages=2 |issn=2165-9176}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Price |first=Frank Webster |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4EJVazaoPmIC |title=Collier's Encyclopedia: With Bibliography and Index |date=1950 |publisher=Collier |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=56cmpAjG-tUC |title=The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography: Being the History of United States as Illustrated in the Lives of the Founders, Builders, and Defenders of the Republic, and of the Men and Women who are Doing the Work and Moulding the Thought of the Present Time |date=1900 |publisher=J. T. White |language=en}}</ref> [[José María Pemán]] was designated as the Poet Laureate of the [[Francoist Spain|Franco regime]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zs_wc3ipA6YC |title=The Nation |date=1948 |publisher=J.H. Richards |language=en}}</ref>

==== Sweden ====
Poets laureate of [[Sweden]] include [[Pehr Henrik Ling]] and [[Verner von Heidenstam]] (1916).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hackensmith |first=Charles William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fJsWAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Physical Education |date=1966 |publisher=Harper & Row |isbn=978-0-06-042572-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Weber |first=Olga S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b8yf_jlnL30C |title=Literary and Library Prizes |date=1970 |publisher=Bowker |isbn=978-0-8352-0399-9 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Switzerland ====
In 1512, [[Switzerland]]-born [[Heinrich Glarean]] was appointed a poet laureate by [[Emperor Maximilian I]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schelbert |first=Leo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XRevAwAAQBAJ |title=Historical Dictionary of Switzerland |date=2014-05-21 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-3352-2 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Ukraine ====
[[Stanisław Trembecki]] was the poet laureate in the court of [[Tulchyn]] (a region now located in modern-day [[Ukraine]]).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Montalk |first=Stephanie De |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AyWa7ZxPL4wC |title=Unquiet World: The Life of Count Geoffrey Potocki de Montalk |date=2001 |publisher=Victoria University Press |isbn=978-0-86473-414-3 |language=en}}</ref> In the 1940s, [[Oleksandr Korniychuk]] was the Poet Laureate of Soviet-controlled [[Ukraine]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CA1MneOaSGAC |title=The Ukrainian Bulletin |date=1948 |publisher=Ukrainian Congress Committee of America |language=en}}</ref> For cities, Sofia Vladimirovna was the Poet Laureate of [[Henichesk]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TwTrAAAAMAAJ |title=Dialogue |date=2006 |publisher=Dialogue Foundation |language=en}}</ref>

==== United Kingdom ====
{{Main|Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom}}

===== England =====
[[File:Portrait of Geoffrey Chaucer (4671380) (cropped) 02.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Geoffrey Chaucer of England]]
In England, the term "poet laureate" is restricted to the official office of Poet Laureate, attached to the royal household. However, no authoritative historical record exists of the office of Poet Laureate of [[England]].

The office developed from earlier practice when [[minstrel]]s and [[poetaster|versifier]]s were members of the king's retinue. [[Richard I of England|Richard Cœur-de-Lion]] had a ''[[versificator regis]]'' (English: ''king's poet''), [[Gulielmus Peregrinus]] (William the Pilgrim), and [[Henry III of England|Henry III]] had a ''versificator'' named Master Henry. In the fifteenth century, John Kay, a versifier, described himself as [[Edward IV of England|Edward IV]]'s "humble poet laureate". According to ''Notes and Queries'' (1876), King [[Henry I of England|Henry I]] paid 10 [[Shilling (British coin)|shillings]] a year to a ''versificator regis''.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=25m-T3rtqOsC |title=Notes and Queries |date=1876 |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en}}</ref>

[[Geoffrey Chaucer]] (1340–1400) was called Poet Laureate, being granted in 1389 an annual allowance of wine. W. Hamilton describes [[Chaucer]], Gower, Kay, Andrew Bernard, [[John Skelton (poet)|John Skelton]], Robert Whittington, Richard Edwards and [[Samuel Daniel]] as "volunteer Laureates".

[[John Skelton (poet)|John Skelton]] studied at the [[University of Oxford]] in the early 1480s and was advanced to the degree of "poet laureate" in 1488, when he joined the court of King [[Henry VII of England|Henry VII]] to tutor the future [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]]. The title of ''laureate'' was also conferred on him by the [[Old University of Leuven|University of Louvain]] in 1492 and by the [[University of Cambridge]] in 1492–3.{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}} He soon became famous for his [[rhetoric]], [[satire]] and [[translation]]s and was held in high esteem by the [[Printer (publisher)|printer]] [[William Caxton]], who wrote, in the [[preface]] to {{lang|enm|The Boke of Eneydos compyled by Vargyle}} ([[Modern English]]: ''The Book of the [[Aeneid]], compiled by [[Virgil]]'') (1490):
<blockquote>But I pray mayster John Skelton, late created poete laureate in the unyversite of Oxenforde, to oversee and correct this sayd booke.</blockquote>

The academic use of the term laureate became associated again with royalty when King [[James I of England|James I]] created a pension for [[Ben Jonson]] in 1617, although there is no formal record extant. He was succeeded by [[William Davenant]].

The royal office Poet Laureate was officially conferred by [[letters patent]] on [[John Dryden]] in 1668, after Davenant's death, and the post became a regular institution. There are other, non-official, laureate titles, such as the commercially sponsored "[[Children's Laureate]]" for an "eminent writer or illustrator of children's books to celebrate outstanding achievement in their field",<ref>{{cite web |title=Children's Laureate |url=https://www.booktrust.org.uk/what-we-do/childrens-laureate/ |access-date=May 4, 2019 |website=[[Book Trust]]}}</ref> and the Poetry Foundation's Young People's Poet Laureate.<ref name="yppl" />

===== Scotland =====
{{Main|Makar (National Poet for Scotland)}}
[[File:Edwin Morgan by Alex Boyd.jpg|thumb|Edwin Morgan, first Makar or National Poet for Scotland]]
[[Scotland]] has a long tradition of [[makar]]s and poetry. [[Iain Lom]], the [[Scottish Gaelic]] [[bard]], was appointed poet laureate in [[Scotland]] by [[King Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland]] on his [[Stuart Restoration|restoration]] in 1660.<ref>{{Cite book |last=MacDonald |first=John |title=Òrain Iain Luim: Songs of John MacDonald, Bard of Keppoch |publisher=The Scottish Gaelic Texts Society |year=1964 |editor-last=MacKenzie |editor-first=Annie |pages=xxxviii}}</ref> In 2004 the [[Scottish Parliament]] appointed Professor [[Edwin Morgan (poet)|Edwin Morgan]] as the first Makar or National Poet for Scotland. On his death in January 2011 he was succeeded by [[Liz Lochhead]].<ref>{{cite news |date=January 19, 2011 |title=Liz Lochhead confirmed as new Scots Makar |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-12227515 |work=BBC News}}</ref> [[Jackie Kay]] followed Lochhead as Makar in 2016,<ref>{{cite news |date=March 15, 2016 | title=Jackie Kay announced as new Scots Makar |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-35810962 |work=BBC News}}</ref> and was then herself succeeded by [[Kathleen Jamie]], who became Scotland's fourth Makar in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kathleen Jamie |url=https://www.scottishpoetrylibrary.org.uk/poet/kathleen-jamie/ |access-date=9 May 2022 |website=Scottish Poetry Library}}</ref> In 2024, [[Pàdraig MacAoidh]] (Peter Mackay) became the fifth Makar.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Livingston |first=Eve |date=2024-12-03 |title='Scotland has always been multilingual': new Scottish makar Peter Mackay |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2024/dec/03/scotland-has-always-been-multilingual-new-scottish-makar-peter-mackay |access-date=2024-12-05 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> For cities, in 2014, Jim Carruth was appointed as the Poet Laureate of [[Glasgow]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jim Carruth |url=https://poetryarchive.org/poet/jim-carruth/ |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=Poetry Archive |language=en-GB}}</ref>

===== Wales =====
{{Main|National Poet for Wales}}
[[Wales]] has had a long tradition of poets and bards under royal patronage, with extant writing from [[Medieval Welsh literature|medieval royal poets]] and earlier. [[Gwalchmai ap Meilyr]] was the court poet of [[Owain Gwynedd]] during the 12th century. [[Y Prydydd Bychan]] was a medieval Welsh court poet in the 13th century.

The office of [[National Poet for Wales]] was established in April 2005. The first holder, [[Gwyneth Lewis]], was followed by [[Gwyn Thomas (poet)|Gwyn Thomas]]. The role of [[Bardd Plant Cymru]], the Welsh-language children's poet laureate was established in 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Previous Bardd Plant Cymru |url=https://www.literaturewales.org/our-projects/bardd-plant-cymru/previous-bardd-plant-cymru/ |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=Literature Wales |language=en-US}}</ref> A corresponding English-language role, [[Children's Laureate Wales]] was established in 2019.<ref name="Libraries Wales">{{Cite web |title=Children's Laureate Wales & Bardd Plant Cymru |url=https://libraries.wales/library-services-activities/children-families/childrens-laureate-wales-bardd-plant-cymru/ |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=Libraries Wales |language=en}}</ref>

===== Territories =====

====== British Virgin Islands ======
[[Richard Georges|Dr. Richard Georges]] became the inaugural Poet Laureate of the [[British Virgin Islands]] in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Richard Georges Is Territory's First Poet Laureate {{!}} Government of the Virgin Islands |url=https://bvi.gov.vg/media-centre/dr-richard-georges-territory-s-first-poet-laureate#:~:text=This%20announcement%20was%20made%20during,by%20the%20Department%20of%20Culture. |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=bvi.gov.vg}}</ref>

====== Cayman Islands ======
Poets laureate of the [[Cayman Islands]] include Roy Bodden.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gallego |first=Shanda |date=2024-05-28 |title=Poets move to the beats of freedom |url=https://www.caymancompass.com/2024/05/28/poets-move-to-the-beats-of-freedom/ |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=Cayman Compass |language=en-GB}}</ref>

====== Falkland Islands ======
Poets laureate of the [[Falkland Islands]] include Ron Reeves.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wigglesworth |first=Angela |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qWV7AAAAMAAJ |title=Falkland People |date=1992 |publisher=P. Owen |isbn=978-0-7206-0850-2 |language=en}}</ref>

====== Isle of Man ======
Referred to as the Manx Bard, the individuals that have served in the position include Zoe Cannell, Michael Manning, Jordanne Kennaugh and Boakesey Closs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zoe Cannell named 6th Manx Bard |url=https://www.manxradio.com/news/isle-of-man-news/zoe-cannell-named-6th-manx-bard/ |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=Manx Radio |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meeting the new Manx Bard |url=https://www.biosphere.im/news/meeting-the-new-manx-bard |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=www.biosphere.im |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=New Manx bard to add to 'rich tapestry' of island's culture |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cvg3188z8lzo |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=My Biosphere Boakesey Closs |url=https://www.biosphere.im/news/my-biosphere-boakesey-closs |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=www.biosphere.im |language=en}}</ref>