Editing History of science (section)

===Applications===
In terms of applications, a massive number of new technologies were developed in the 20th century. Technologies such as [[electricity]], the [[incandescent light bulb]], the [[automobile]] and the [[phonograph]], first developed at the end of the 19th century, were perfected and universally deployed. The first car was introduced by Karl Benz in 1885.<ref>American Society of Mechanical Engineers. [https://www.asme.org/topics-resources/content/karl-benz Karl Benz] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128084747/https://www.asme.org/topics-resources/content/karl-benz |date=28 November 2021 }}.</ref> The first [[airplane]] flight occurred in 1903, and by the end of the century [[airliner]]s flew thousands of miles in a matter of hours. The development of the [[radio]], [[television]] and [[computers]] caused massive changes in the dissemination of information. Advances in biology also led to large increases in food production, as well as the elimination of diseases such as [[polio]] by [[Jonas Salk|Dr. Jonas Salk]]. Gene mapping and gene sequencing, invented by Drs. Mark Skolnik and Walter Gilbert, respectively, are the two technologies that made the [[Human Genome Project]] feasible. Computer science, built upon a foundation of [[theoretical linguistics]], [[discrete mathematics]], and [[electrical engineering]], studies the nature and limits of computation. Subfields include [[Computability theory (computer science)|computability]], [[Computational complexity theory|computational complexity]], [[database]] design, [[computer networking]], artificial intelligence, and the design of [[computer hardware]]. One area in which advances in computing have contributed to more general scientific development is by facilitating large-scale [[Scientific data archiving|archiving of scientific data]]. Contemporary computer science typically distinguishes itself by emphasizing mathematical 'theory' in contrast to the practical emphasis of [[software engineering]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.springboard.com/blog/software-engineering/computer-science-vs-software-engineering/#:~:text=Yes%2C%20there%20is%20a%20difference,emphasizing%20engineering%20principles%20and%20practices|title=Computer Science vs. Software Engineering [Comparison Guide]|date=5 February 2024 }}</ref>

Einstein's paper "On the Quantum Theory of Radiation" outlined the principles of the stimulated emission of photons. This led to the invention of the [[Laser]] (light amplification by the stimulated emission of radiation) and the [[optical amplifier]] which ushered in the [[Information Age]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hecht|first=Jeff|date=10 August 2016|title=The Bandwidth Bottleneck That is Throttling the Internet .|work=Scientific American}}</ref> It is optical amplification that allows [[Fiber-optic network|fiber optic networks]] to transmit the massive capacity of the [[Internet]].

Based on wireless transmission of electromagnetic radiation and global networks of cellular operation, the mobile phone became a primary means to access the internet.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Handley |first1=Lucy |title=Nearly three quarters of the world will use just their smartphones to access the internet by 2025 |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/01/24/smartphones-72percent-of-people-will-use-only-mobile-for-internet-by-2025.html |access-date=28 September 2022 |work=CNBC |archive-date=28 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928214700/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/01/24/smartphones-72percent-of-people-will-use-only-mobile-for-internet-by-2025.html |url-status=live }}</ref>