Editing Overview of gun laws by nation (section)

===European Union===
{{Main|Directive (EU) 2021/555}}

[[File:Civilian firearms ownership in the EU.png|thumb|Number of firearms in population of EU countries – per 100 people|upright=3]]
Gun laws in the [[European Union]] vary greatly from one country to another. Nevertheless, two main strains may be recognized: Most EU countries treat firearms primarily as sporting instruments, while a select group of countries consider them to be primarily tools of individual or collective safety (i.e. [[Firearms regulation in Switzerland|Switzerland]], [[Gun law in Austria|Austria]], [[Gun law in the Czech Republic|the Czech Republic]], [[Gun laws in Poland|Poland]], [[Baltic states]], [[Firearms regulation in Finland|Finland]]). This difference in primary understanding of firearms' main purpose leads to different treatment in national legislations.<ref>{{cite web
 | last = Gawron
 | first = Tomáš
 | title = Srovnání české zbraňové legislativy s jinými evropskými zeměmi [Comparison of Czech Gun Laws with other European Countries]
 | work = zbrojnice.com
 | date = 15 January 2024
 | url = https://zbrojnice.com/2024/01/15/srovnani-ceske-zbranove-legislativy-s-jinymi-evropskymi-zememi/
 | access-date = 7 November 2024
 | language = cs
 }}</ref>

All EU and [[EFTA]] countries are bound to [[Transposition (law)|implement]] [[Directive (EU) 2021/555]] into their own legal systems. The Directive sets certain gun control standards that the countries must meet; at the same time national legislators may chose to adopt more stringent rules.

Under the directive, firearms are defined as ''any portable barrelled weapon that expels, is designed to expel or may be converted to expel a shot, bullet or projectile by the action of a combustible propellant''.<ref>{{Citation
| author  = European Parliament and the Council
| date     = 21 May 2008
| title    =  Directive 2008/51/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 amending Council Directive 91/477/EEC on control of the acquisition and possession of weapons
| url = http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32008L0051
}}, recital.</ref>

Since 2017 EU directive amendment, arms are classified in three EU categories:
* Category A – Prohibited firearms: including for instance explosive military missiles and launchers, automatic firearms, firearms disguised as other objects, or ammunition with penetrating, explosive or incendiary projectiles, and the projectiles for such ammunition, or semi-automatic firearms;
* Category B – Firearms subject to authorisation, including for instance various kind of repeating and semi-automatic long firearms, but excluding those which belongs to category A
* Category C – Firearms and weapons subject to declaration, including various kind of long firearms with, but excluding those which belongs to category A or B<ref name="L0477">{{Cite web|url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A01991L0477-20170613|title=EUR-Lex – 01991L0477-20170613 |website=eur-lex.europa.eu}}</ref>

Under article 5 of the directive:
{{blockquote|Without prejudice to Article 3, Member States shall permit the acquisition and possession of firearms only by persons who have good cause and who:
* (a) are at least 18 years of age, (...)
* (b) are not likely to be a danger to themselves or others, to public order or to public safety; the fact of having been convicted of a violent intentional crime shall be considered as indicative of such danger.

(...)}}

====Austria====
{{Main|Gun law in Austria}}

[[Austria]] is the only country in the European Union where firearms are only partially licensed; the ''Waffengesetz'' (Weapons Act) provides the legal terms for all types of weapons, including firearms.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=1000601+Gesamte+Rechtsvorschrift+f%C3%BCr+Waffengesetz+1996|title=RIS – 1000601 Gesamte Rechtsvorschrift für Waffengesetz 1996 – Bundesrecht konsolidiert, Fassung vom 01.03.2021|website=www.ris.bka.gv.at|access-date=1 March 2021|archive-date=21 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521101830/https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=1000601+Gesamte+Rechtsvorschrift+f%C3%BCr+Waffengesetz+1996|url-status=dead}}</ref> § 1 of the law defines ''Weapons'' as objects that are designed to directly eliminate or reduce the ability of people to attack or defend themselves (e.g. knives, pepper spray, gas pistols, etc.) or for firing projectiles during hunting or sport shooting (e.g. crossbows, bows, etc.). § 2 further defines ''Firearms'' as weapons where projectiles can be fired from a barrel in a predefined direction. Most common firearms and some other weapons fall into three different categories, which come with different restrictions:

Category A is divided into two subcategories "war material" and "restricted weapons". "War material" includes for example tanks, fully automatic weapons and armour-piercing weapons; "restricted weapons" includes weapons disguised as other objects, firearms which can be disassembled in a faster than usual fashion for hunting and sport, shotguns with an overall length of less than 90&nbsp;cm (35&nbsp;in) or barrel length shorter than 45&nbsp;cm (18&nbsp;in), [[pump action]] shotguns, suppressors and firearms with suppressors, knuckledusters, blackjacks, steel rods. Category B covers all handguns, repeating shotguns and semi-automatic weapons which are not category A (e.g. pistols, revolvers, semi-automatic rifles and semi-automatic shotguns). Category C includes most other firearms that are not category A or B (e.g. repeating rifles, revolving rifles, break-action rifles and break-action shotguns).

All firearms of category A, B, and C are registered in the central weapon register (Zentrales Waffenregister, or short ZWR). Firearms of category C are the least restricted; all citizens over 18 may purchase them at licensed sellers, even without a firearms licence (barring a 3-day waiting period to check for a weapon ban on the buyer). Category B weapons have further restrictions; buyers must have a firearms license or a carry permit, and be 21, unless granted an exception for the age of 18. Category A weapons typically require further exceptions to be granted for holders, except in the case of suppressors and suppressed weapons, which may be held by those with valid hunting licences without an additional permit. "War material" requires a further special federal permit, which is in practice only granted to approved collectors and experts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/NormDokument.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=10006016&FassungVom=2019-02-14&Artikel=&Paragraf=18&Anlage=&Uebergangsrecht=|title=RIS – Waffengesetz 1996 § 18 – Bundesrecht konsolidiert, Fassung vom 14.02.2019|website=www.ris.bka.gv.at}}</ref> In general, ammunition sales are unrestricted, though handgun ammunition and some rifle ammunition requires a permit. Antique firearms made before 1871, many black powder firearms and some other "less effective weapons" also require no licence or registration.

In addition, § 11a defines further restrictions on the purchase, possession and carrying of all weapons and ammunition for asylum seekers and many third-country nationals. Owning weapons without a permit for them is strictly prohibited and controlled by the police.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.heute.at/s/generelles-waffenverbot-fur-auslander-beschlossen-52346200|title=Totales Waffenverbot für Ausländer in Österreich|website=Heute.at|date=21 November 2018 }}</ref>

Carrying firearms in public generally requires a carry permit (or "Waffenpass"). Carry permits are issued by the authorities on a shall issue or may issue basis, depending on reason and applicant. Austrian law makes no distinction between concealed or open carry; with a carry permit, the holder may carry their weapon(s) freely throughout the whole country and even in certain "weapon free zones".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.meinbezirk.at/wieden/c-lokales/waffen-in-wien-10235-personen-duerfen-eine-pistole-tragen_a1681292|title=Waffen in Wien: 10.235 Personen dürfen eine Pistole tragen|website=meinbezirk.at|date=24 March 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/PR/JAHR_2018/PK0832/| title = Parlament Österreich}}</ref> However, holders must carry their weapons in a way that does not constitute a public nuisance; for example, openly displaying a handgun in one's belt at the cinema while wearing civil clothing would be considered unusual and could be considered a public nuisance if the police were called.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nachrichten.at/nachrichten/ticker/Bewaffneter-Beamter-loeste-Grosseinsatz-in-Kino-aus;art449,2186488|title=Bewaffneter Beamter löste Großeinsatz in Kino aus|website=nachrichten.at}}</ref>

====Belgium====
{{Unreferenced section|date=April 2023}}
Possessing or carrying firearms is generally illegal in [[Belgium]] with very limited exemptions. Gun laws in Belgium are among the strictest in the world. An exception is made for people who have a valid firearms license. Since 2006, after a [[Hans Van Themsche|shooting incident in Antwerp]], there are very strict conditions and rules for gun owners to obtain such a licence. The legal reasons to get a license include sport shooting, hunting, collecting and self-defense, although self-defense licenses are almost never approved. The granting of gun permits is the responsibility of the governor of the province in which the applicant resides. Applicants must always pass a theoretical and practical exam, have a clean criminal record and be able to present a medical certificate proving that they are competent to handle weapons.

When purchasing a gun, in most cases a permit called 'Model 4' has to be requested first, even when you already have a license, in order to register the firearm. The requisition of such a permit has a cost of around €140 (as of February 2025) and is increased every year, as well as a waiting period of up to 4 months. There are exceptions to this rule however, but these are different depending on the reason for the possession of the firearm. I.e.: a .22LR semi automatic pistol is exempt from a model 4 permit for sport shooters, but not for hunters. All revolvers, centerfire pistols, semi-automatic rifles and pump action shotguns always require a Model 4 permit. When requesting a Model 4 you have to be able to prove that you passed the forementioned theoretical and practical exam, have a clean criminal record, present a medical certificate, provide proof that you are a member of a licensed shooting range, and get written permission by every adult person whom you share a house with that they do not object to you having the firearms.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Demeyere |first1=Nico |title=Aankoop vergunningsplichtig wapen |url=https://www.wapenwet.be/portaal/wapenbezitters/aankoopvergunning |website=Wapenunie Online |access-date=20 February 2025}}</ref>

However, the laws and regulations concerning the carrying and possession of firearms for hunters, sport shooters, collectors and also for the import and export of guns, differs slightly from area to area in Belgium; a valid licence is almost always required. Airsoft guns, paintball guns and some blank guns do not need a permit or licence and are free to purchase. Deactivated guns also need a license as of 2019. The only firearms that can be bought without a license in Belgium are those which are manufactured before 1890, or those that only use black powder and were patented before 1895 and manufactured before 1945. The possession of ammunition is always restricted to people who have a valid license. Belgium is the only country in the EU where magazines are also subject to license and registration.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Demeyere |first1=Nico |title=Laders |url=https://www.wapenwet.be/portaal/wapenbezitters/laders |website=Wapenunie Online |access-date=20 February 2025}}</ref>

Gun laws in Belgium do not apply (or at least applies differently) for the military and law enforcement services such as the police. Until its abolition in 2019, the security units of Belgian courts and prison transport (''Corps de securité Justice/Veiligheidskorps Justitie'') were also permitted to carry handguns.

Because of the very strict laws, and the long and expensive process of obtaining licenses, Belgian law allows for people over the age of 18 without a license to shoot once per year and only under strict supervision in a licensed shooting range.

====Croatia====
Croatia issues firearms permits for self-defense, hunting, sport shooting:
* Hunting permits require a certificate indicating successfully passing the hunting exam;
* Sporting permits require a certificate issued by a target shooting organization on active membership;
* Self-defense permits require a proof of danger to life.
Every permit also requires an applicant to be at least 18 years old, not be convicted of crimes, there being no other circumstances indicating that the weapon may be abused (for example by a history of alcoholism) and passing medical examinations.

{{As of|2020|10}} there 99,829 legal gun owners in Croatia. 14,711 people can own and carry firearms for the purpose of personal safety.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://slobodnadalmacija.hr/vijesti/crna-kronika/pola-milijuna-nelegalnih-pistolja-i-pusaka-jos-uvijek-se-krije-po-kucama-u-zadnjih-13-godina-gradani-su-dobrovoljno-predali-cak-343-000-komada-oruzja-1052624|title=Pola milijuna nelegalnih pištolja i pušaka još uvijek se krije po kućama? U zadnjih 13 godina građani su dobrovoljno predali čak 343.000 komada oružja|date=22 October 2020}}</ref>

====Cyprus====
{{more citations needed section|date=January 2015}}
The [[Republic of Cyprus]] has strict gun control. Private citizens are completely forbidden from owning handguns and rifles in any calibre, including .22 [[rimfire ammunition]]. Shotguns limited to two rounds are allowed with a license, issued by provincial police. Shotguns must be for hunting purposes, and a licensed citizen may own up to ten shotguns, typically [[Double-barreled shotgun|double-barrelled]]. A firearm license is required to buy ammunition, of up to 250 shells per purchase, with sales being recorded. Cyprus also controls [[airgun]]s, and airgun owners require a license. Even though purchasing automatic weapons is illegal, the military issues their reserves an automatic weapon, therefore the majority of the male population has one due to military [[conscription]].<ref name="Grupp, Larry 2011">Grupp, Larry (2011). The Worldwide Gun Owner's Guide. Scottsdale, Arizona: Bloomfield Press, 365pp.</ref>

====Czech Republic====
{{multiple image
| align             = right
| direction         = vertical
| width             = 300
| header            = Gun safes for visitors at a Czech courthouse
| image1            = Gun safes for visitors firearms at a courthouse in Prague, Czech Republic.jpg
| alt1              = Gun safes for visitors at a courthouse in Prague
| caption1          = Gun safes for civilian firearms at a courthouse in Prague. It is forbidden to carry any weapons within a courthouse. Visitors can leave their firearms at gun safes upon entry, before undergoing airport-style security check.
| image2            = Interior of a gun safe for visitors at a courthouse in Prague, Czech Republic.jpg
| alt2              = CZ 75 D, magazine, chamber round and a pepper spray within a visitor's gun safe at a courthouse in Prague, Czech Republic.
| caption2          = Visitor's unloaded pistol and a pepper spray within a courthouse gun safe
}}

{{Main|Gun law in the Czech Republic}}

{{See also|History of Czech civilian firearms possession}}

Gun laws in the [[Czech Republic]] adhere to the [[Directive (EU) 2021/555|European Firearms Directive]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Gawron|first=Tomáš|url=https://advokatnidenik.cz/2020/10/23/od-smernice-k-implementaci-co-prinasi-a-co-znamena-poslaneckou-snemovnou-pcr-schvalena-novela-zakona-o-zbranich/|title=Od směrnice k implementaci: co přináší a co znamená Poslaneckou sněmovnou PČR schválená novela zákona o zbraních|language=cs|date=23 October 2020|newspaper=Advokátní Deník|access-date=22 December 2023|archive-date=28 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328152550/https://advokatnidenik.cz/2020/10/23/od-smernice-k-implementaci-co-prinasi-a-co-znamena-poslaneckou-snemovnou-pcr-schvalena-novela-zakona-o-zbranich/|url-status=live}}</ref> Legal accessibility is comparable to those [[Member state of the European Union|EU countries]] which consider firearms to be primarily tools of individual or collective safety (i.e. [[Firearms regulation in Switzerland|Switzerland]], [[Gun law in Austria|Austria]], [[Gun laws in Poland|Poland]], [[Baltic states]], [[Firearms regulation in Finland|Finland]]) and not just sporting instruments ''(see [[Gun politics#European Union|Gun laws in the European Union]])''.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-12-22|last=Sanlaville|first=Tanguy|title=Examens, contrôles des antécédents : après l'attaque de Prague, au coeur de la loi tchèque sur les armes à feu|url=https://www.marianne.net/monde/europe/examens-controles-des-antecedents-apres-l-attaque-de-prague-au-coeur-de-la-loi-tcheque-sur-les-armes-a-feu|website=marianne.net|language=fr|access-date=26 December 2023|archive-date=24 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224234820/https://www.marianne.net/monde/europe/examens-controles-des-antecedents-apres-l-attaque-de-prague-au-coeur-de-la-loi-tcheque-sur-les-armes-a-feu|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
 | last = Gawron
 | first = Tomáš
 | title = Srovnání české zbraňové legislativy s jinými evropskými zeměmi [Comparison of Czech Gun Laws with other European Countries]
 | work = zbrojnice.com
 | date = 15 January 2024
 | url = https://zbrojnice.com/2024/01/15/srovnani-ceske-zbranove-legislativy-s-jinymi-evropskymi-zememi/
 | access-date = 7 November 2024
 | language = cs
 }}</ref>

[[Right to keep and bear arms]] is considered to be an attribute of liberty in the country.<ref name="roundtable" /> It is explicitly recognized in the first Article of the [[Gun law in the Czech Republic#Current law|Firearms Act]]. At the constitutional level, the [[Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms]] protects the "''right to defend one's own life or life of another person also with arms under conditions stipulated by law''" (see ''[[Self-defence law (Czech Republic)|Self-defence law in the Czech Republic]]'').

Firearms are available to any resident subject to acquiring a [[firearms license]]. Firearm licenses may be obtained in a way similar to a driving license; by passing a proficiency exam (in [[Czech language]] only), medical examination and having no [[criminal]] record. Unlike in most other European countries, Czech firearms legislation also permits citizens to carry [[Concealed carry|concealed]] weapons for [[self-defense]]; 260,027 out of 316,859 gun license holders have a concealed carry license (31 December 2023).<ref name="zbrojnice-stats-2023">{{cite web
 | last = Gawron
 | first = Tomáš
 | title = Zbraňové statistiky 2023: Růst počtu držitelů zbrojních průkazů zpomalil, setrvalý nárůst registrovaných zbraní [Firearms statistics 2023: Increase of number of license holders slowed down, gradual increase of registered firearms]
 | work = zbrojnice.com
 | date = 8 January 2024
 | url = https://zbrojnice.com/2024/01/08/zbranove-statistiky-2023-rust-poctu-drzitelu-zbrojnich-prukazu-zpomalil-setrvaly-narust-registrovanych-zbrani/
 | access-date = 8 January 2024
 | language = cs
 }}</ref> The most common reason for firearm possession by Czech gun owners is protection, with hunting and sport shooting being less common.<ref name="Eurobarometer">{{Citation
| last       = Eurobarometer
| first       = Directorate General for Communication
| year       = 2013
| title       = Flash Barometer 383: Firearms in the European Union – Report
| location       = Brusselss
| url       = http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/flash/fl_383_en.pdf
| access-date       = 26 March 2017
| archive-date       = 21 March 2017
| archive-url       = https://web.archive.org/web/20170321132451/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/flash/fl_383_en.pdf
| url-status       = live
}}</ref> Additionally, people can join government endorsed advanced shooting training courses with their privately owned firearms and become members of the [[militia]]-style [[Designated Reserves (Czech Republic)|Designated Reserves]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.czdefence.cz/clanek/ozbrojeni-civiliste-a-budouci-bezpecnostni-krize | title=Ozbrojení civilisté a budoucí bezpečnostní krize }}</ref>

The beginnings of Czech civilian firearms possession date back to 1421, with the first use of firearms as the primary weapons of [[Hussite wars|Hussite militia]] ''(see [[History of Czech civilian firearms possession]])''. Firearms became indispensable tools for the mostly-commoner militia in a war for religious freedom and political independence. Firearms possession became common throughout and after the Hussite wars. The universal right to keep arms for "''all people of all standing''" was formally affirmed in the 1517 {{Interlanguage link|St. Wenceslaus Agreement|cs|Svatováclavská smlouva}}. Throughout its 600-year history, Czech firearms legislation remained permissive, with the exception of the periods of [[Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)|German Nazi occupation]] and of the [[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic|Communist regime]].

The English term ''pistol'' originated in 15th-century [[Czech language]].<ref name="Titz">{{cite book|title=Ohlasy husitského válečnictví v Evropě|year=1922|publisher=Československý vědecký ústav vojenský|first=Karel|last=Titz}}</ref> ''Mariánská skála'' in [[Ústí nad Labem]] is Europe's oldest continually-open shooting range, established in 1617.<ref>{{Citation
| last       = Kindlová
| first       = Veronika
| year       = 2015
| title       = Nejstarší střelnici v Evropě najdete na Mariánské skále v Ústí nad Labem
| url       = http://www.rozhlas.cz/sever/expres/_zprava/nejstarsi-strelnici-v-evrope-najdete-na-marianske-skale-v-usti-nad-labem--1553992
| access-date       = 1 October 2017
| archive-date       = 1 October 2017
| archive-url       = https://web.archive.org/web/20171001214516/http://www.rozhlas.cz/sever/expres/_zprava/nejstarsi-strelnici-v-evrope-najdete-na-marianske-skale-v-usti-nad-labem--1553992
| url-status       = live
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
 | last = Rudoplh
 | first = Richard L.
 | title = Banking and Industrialization in Austria-Hungary: The Role of Banks in the Industrialization of the Czech Crownlands, 1873–1914
 | publisher = Cambridge University Press
 | year = 2008
 | page = 39
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfGg0bn1JUAC&pg=PA39
 | isbn = 978-0-521-08847-3
 | access-date = 6 January 2019
 | archive-date = 5 November 2021
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211105225044/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfGg0bn1JUAC&pg=PA39
 | url-status = live
 }}</ref>

====Denmark====
Civilians in [[Denmark]] aged 16 and above can acquire gun licenses for hunting or sport shooting. This requires passing a written multiple-choice test and a practical test, after which a certified hunting license instructor determines if the applicant is suitable to own a weapon. A license is usually provided if the applicant has no or only minor marks on their criminal record.

A hunting license permits the over-the-counter-purchase and ownership of an unlimited number of shotguns of up to 12 gauge and two-round capacity. From there, the police has to be notified of new weapon purchases through an online form. Bolt-action rifles can also be bought over-the-counter, although they require a rifle license which is obtained through the police. The allowed calibers range from the smallest possible, up to [[.50 BMG]], with .50 BMG not included. Semi-automatic rifles are allowed if the rifle is limited to two rounds (hunting in Denmark), or without limitation on capacity (hunting outside of Denmark). Currently, only larger calibers (.308, 6.5{{times}}55, .300wm etc.) are issued as semi-auto rifles for hunting abroad. .223/5.56{{times}}45 and similar caliber rifles are generally not approved. The hunter must pass a shotgun or rifle shooting test before being allowed to hunt.

For sport-shooting purposes, shotguns can also be used, as can [[bolt-action rifle]]s of almost any caliber (.50 BMG as one of the exceptions). Sporting rifles are often chambered in .22 LR and 6.5{{times}}55&nbsp;mm.
Semi-automatic rifles are not allowed for sports shooting.

Handguns: After two years of active membership in a shooting club, one can apply for a handgun permit which is then subject to background checks and approval by the police, and one has to be 21 years old.
Approved calibers: All calibers under 9mm (9{{times}}19, .38 special, .357 magnum, .32 ACP, etc.), plus a limited number of larger calibers; .40 S&W, .45 ACP, .44 special. The maximum number of handguns are six in .22 caliber. When applying for a third gun, a special permit from the department of justice is required. Large caliber guns, i.e. bigger than .22 caliber, are restricted to a maximum of two in the same caliber. Therefore, one can only own two handguns in 9&nbsp;mm at any given time. However, it is legal to own an additional two handguns in 9&nbsp;mm, if these are revolvers. For all handguns, the overall length must be at least {{convert|210|mm|in}}, regardless of caliber, measured without orthopedic grips or removal parts.

A weapon permit for sporting purposes (both long and short firearms) has to be renewed every five years. Rifle permits for hunting rifles have to be renewed every 10 years. Shotguns are not held on individual permits; holders are allowed to own these as long as they have a valid hunting license – and they can keep it for up to 10 years after the hunting license expires – albeit they are not allowed to keep ammunition without a valid license.

Carrying a firearm in public is strictly prohibited, however, a notion of proportional self-defense exists. This means that if someone is attacked with a firearm, they are legally allowed to defend themselves proportionally – e.g. with a firearm of their own.

Fully automatic weapons are prohibited for civilian use, unless a special permit is issued by the Ministry of Justice. These permits are extremely rare, and are normally only issued to people or companies working for, or supplying the police or military.

Illegal possession of a firearm may be punished with imprisonment of no less than one year. Civilians may keep privately owned weapons including pistols, revolvers, shotguns and rifles at their residences.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.politi.dk/da/borgerservice/vaabentilladelse/blankvaaben.htm| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170203163655/https://www.politi.dk/da/borgerservice/vaabentilladelse/blankvaaben.htm| archive-date = 3 February 2017| title = www.politi.dk - Blankvåben mv.}}</ref> These, together with its ammunition have to be stored in an approved gun cabinet (EN1143-1 grade 0 or better).<ref>https://www.retsinformation.dk/Forms/R0710.aspx?id=158805  §22 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705220645/https://www.retsinformation.dk/Forms/R0710.aspx?id=158805|date=5 July 2023}}</ref> The police may inspect a shooting club's weapons at their discretion, but require a court order to inspect privately held firearms.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.justitsministeriet.dk/arbejdsomr%C3%A5der/v%C3%A5ben/lovgivning|title=Ministry of Justice – Weapons|access-date=3 February 2017|archive-date=13 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513093150/http://www.justitsministeriet.dk/arbejdsomr%C3%A5der/v%C3%A5ben/lovgivning|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Estonia====
Estonia is a shall-issue nation. Background checks, doctor's approval, written and practical exam and a firearms course are required. The courses are only offered by private parties (not law enforcement) and must be performed in Estonian as must be the national exam given by law enforcement.<ref name="Relvaseadus–Riigi Teataja">{{cite web |url=https://www.riigiteataja.ee/akt/103072020005?leiaKehtiv |website=Weapon's law|title=Relvaseadus–Riigi Teataja }}</ref> Earlier, a translator was permitted, but it was changed as a consequence of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine due to the large number of ethnic Russians applying for licenses.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.politsei.ee/et/relvaeksam |website=Weapon's exam|title=Relvaeksam }}</ref> After the national exam is passed, the taking of which already requires passing the previous requisites, a license must be issued on request with law enforcement having no final say afterwards unless a later cause (like committing a felony) invalidates a license.<ref name="Relvaseadus–Riigi Teataja" />

====Finland====
{{Main|Firearms regulation in Finland}}

The ownership and use of firearms in Finland is regulated by the country's Firearms Act of 1998. Weapons are individually licensed by local police, with no limit on the number of licenses an individual may hold. Licenses are granted for recreational uses, exhibition or (under certain circumstances) professional use. No type of weapon is explicitly prohibited, but licenses are granted only for a reason. Self-defense is not accepted as a valid reason for licensing. In general, this excludes all but hunting and sports guns from non-professional use. Fully automatic weapons are generally not permitted. With the exception of law enforcement, only specially trained security guards may carry loaded weapons in public.

In 2007, Finland had the third largest gun-ownership rate globally (behind the US and Yemen),<ref>{{cite web |last1=Allen |first1=Nick |title=Finland school shooting: Gunman planned massacre for six years |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/finland/3071235/Finland-school-shooting-Gunman-planned-massacre-for-six-years.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/finland/3071235/Finland-school-shooting-Gunman-planned-massacre-for-six-years.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |website=The Telegraph |date=24 September 2008 |access-date=16 November 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and the first in Europe.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vote to tighten Europe gun laws |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7117042.stm |website=BBC |date=29 November 2007 |access-date=16 November 2019}}</ref> Finns practices hunting, and {{As of|2007|lc=y|post=,}} there were 1.6 million registered weapons and 650,000 people with firearm permits in the country, i.e. 12% of the population. In November that year, Finland updated their gun laws after two school shootings that left 20 people dead,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Byron |first1=Katy |last2=Pleitgen |first2=Frederik |last3=Schmidt |first3=Nadine |last4=Watson |first4=Ivan |last5=Magnay |first5=Diana |title=German rampage victims mostly female |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/europe/03/11/germany.school.shooting/index.html |website=CNN |access-date=16 November 2019 |archive-date=16 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116042955/https://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/europe/03/11/germany.school.shooting/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> and to comply with an EU directive by removing the ability of 15-18-year-olds to have their own permit. The possibility of creating a dual-license for an already licensed weapon with permission of the license holder was allowed (e.g. parental permission). In 2011, a constitutional law committee concluded that people over the age of 20 can receive a permit for semi-automatic handguns; individuals must demonstrate continuous activity in handgun sporting group for two years prior.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tsai |first1=Michelle |title=Packing Heat in Helsinki |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2009/12/why-are-there-so-many-guns-in-finland.html |website=Slate |date=31 December 2009 |access-date=16 November 2019}}</ref>

====France====
{{Main|Firearms regulation in France}}

In 1563, [[Charles IX of France]] had an address to the [[Rouen]] parliament about forbidding firearms in which he made the following statement:
{|
! French
! English
|-
| {{blockquote|''D'auantage cõſiderant que les meurtres, volleries, aſſaſſinats, & autres entreprinſes, qui troublent le commun repos de nosdicts ſubects, s'exercent plus par les armes à feu, que nuls aultres : Défendons treſeſtroictement sur meſmes peines à toutes personnes, de quelque eſtat, dignité & qualité qu'ils ſoyent, porter ne faire porter par leurs gens & ſeruiteurs dedans les villes, ne par les champs, aucune hacquebute, piſtolle ne piſtolet, ne d'icelles tirer: ſinon'' (...).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9693107x|title=La déclaration faicte par le Roy, de ſa majorité, tenant son lict de justice en ſa cour de parlement de Roüen : et ordonnance par luy faicte pour le bien & repos public de son royaume : et ce qu'il dict en ladicte cour avant la publication de ladicte ordonnance. Publiée en la cour de parlement à Paris, le vingthuictième jour de ſeptembre, 1563|author=((Charles IX (1550-1574; roi de France))) |date=1 March 1563|via=gallica.bnf.fr}}</ref>}}
| {{blockquote|Considering murders, robberies, killings & other enterprises, which disturb regular rest of ours subjects, are more exercised by firearms than any others: We forbid very strictly with same punishment for everybody, of any state, dignity & quality they are, to carry or make carry by their people & servitors neither within any town, nor in the countryside, any ''hacquebute'', pistol nor ''pistolet'', nor to use them: except (...)}}
|}

In France, a hunting license or a sport-shooting license is needed to purchase any smokeless powder firearm. In September 2015, firearms were divided into four categories that determine the regulations that apply to their possession and use.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.service-public.fr/particuliers/vosdroits/N287|title=Armes|trans-title=Arms|access-date=2016-09-06|language=fr|publisher=Direction de l'information légale et administrative}}</ref> Category D arms include black powder firearms designed before 1900 and compressed air arms developing between 2 and 20 joules, they can be purchased by any citizen over the age of 18. Category C firearms can be obtained with a hunting license, or sport-shooting license with a medical certificate. Category C includes mainly single-shot-per-barrel shotguns and single-shot or manual repeating rifles (including [[Centerfire ammunition|centre-fire]] rifles, for hunting or target shooting). Once legally purchased these category C arms may be kept, without using them, even when no longer licensed for hunting or sport-shooting.

Category B firearms are only available to sport-shooters licensed for at least 6 months, with a medical certificate, without any felony convictions, and additionally requires at least three shooting sessions with an instructor each separated by 2 months. Specific authorisations for purchase and possession may then be sought from a local police administration, are valid for 5 years, and are renewable. Such weapons may then only be used for sport-shooting at shooting ranges, never for hunting. Category B includes all assault type rifles, such as [[AK-47]]/AKM, AK-74 or AR-15/M16/M4, and any look-alike weapons even when chambered for [[Rimfire ammunition|rimfire cartridges]] (.22 LR). These must be semi-automatic only. All handguns, including those using rimfire ammunition, are classed as category B. It is illegal to possess these category B weapons after expiry of a non-renewed specific authorisation: the arms must be disposed of (sold to a gun shop or else destroyed, for example). Authorisations can also be revoked at any time by any of the parties involved in the authorisations delivery (Government, Prefecture, Police).

Air-guns including pistols are freely available to adults, as category D arms, provided that their energy level does not exceed 20 J (previously 10 J).{{clarify|date=November 2019}} Typical energy levels are 6 J for a target pistol and 7.5 J for a target rifle. A scoped Field Target rifle might produce 15 or 16 J (maximum authorised in FT competition). Air-soft arms, firing non-metallic pellets and not exceeding 2 J energy, are considered to be toys, rather than weapons, and so are excluded from firearm regulations.

Also freely available are category D defensive pepper sprays up to a maximum 75 g capacity. Bigger capacity sprays are considered offensive weapons, not defensive, and so are classed in category B, and require specific authorisation.

A person cannot own more than 12 centerfire firearms, and cannot own more than 10 magazines and 1,000 rounds of ammunition per firearm. A one-year carry license may be issued for persons "exposed to exceptional risks to their life" allowing them to carry a handgun with a maximum of 50 rounds. Such authorizations are extremely rare, however, as the state would normally insist on providing police protection in such cases. Since November 2015, police officers are authorised to carry their service weapons whilst off-duty.

====Germany====
{{Main|Gun control in Germany}}

Gun ownership in Germany is restrictive, being regulated by the Federal Weapons Act (German: Waffengesetz) of 1972.<ref>{{cite web|work=International Firearms Injury Prevention & Policy|url=http://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/germany|title=Germany – Gun Facts, Figures and the Law|date=27 June 2012|access-date=26 February 2013|archive-date=5 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705032101/http://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/germany|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The laws apply to weapons with a fire energy exceeding 7.5 J. A firearms license may be granted to those over the age of 18 who have no criminal convictions or mental disability, who are deemed reliable and can justify a reason for owning a firearm. A separate license is required for each firearm owned. Target-shooters must have been a member of a shooting club with 18 recorded visits in the previous 12 months. A firearms carry permit is a second-tier license which allows concealed carrying in public, and is only issued to those with a particular need.

Several weapons and special ammunitions are completely prohibited, such as automatic firearms. Buying, possessing, lending, using, carrying, crafting, altering and the trading of these weapons is illegal and punishable by up to five years imprisonment, confiscation of the weapon and a fine of up to €10,000. Using an illegal weapon for crimes of any kind is punishable by 1–10 years imprisonment.

Germany's National Gun Registry, introduced at the end of 2012, counted 5.5 million firearms legally owned by 1.4 million people.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/new-german-firearms-registry-shows-5-5-million-guns-legally-owned-in-country|title=New German firearms registry shows 5.5 millions guns legally owned in country|publisher=Associated Press/Fox News|access-date=28 December 2012|date=28 December 2012}}</ref>

====Greece====
[[Greece]] has gun regulations in place. Shotguns (limited to a 3-round capacity), rifles and handguns require a license issued by Police Headquarters. A license may be issued to a Greek citizen over the age of 18 if: a) there are serious fears about his or her personal security along with a positive recommendation by the Prosecutor and b) it is required for the safety of shops, banks, other financial institutions, etc. To purchase handguns and rifles, citizens must either have a concealed-carry permit or a target-shooting permit (for rifles and pistols). Semi auto rifles are not prohibited since the beginning of 2023. Hunters can own up to 10 shotguns and rifles (with no gun barrel rifling) and sport shooters can own up to 8 guns. There is no license-check or record kept for ammunition purchases for shotguns but target shooters can only own 1000 rounds per weapon but 3500 in total tops.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.e-nomothesia.gr/kat-opla-ekrektika-puromakhika/n-3944-2011.html|title=Νόμος 3944/2011 - ΦΕΚ 67/Α/5-4-2011|website=e-nomothesia.gr &#124; Τράπεζα Πληροφοριών Νομοθεσίας|date=18 September 2018 }}</ref>

====Hungary====
{{more citations needed section|date=January 2015}}
Gun laws in [[Hungary]] are relatively strict, regulated by Code 24/2004,<ref>{{cite web|author=Complex Kiadó Kft. |url=http://www.complex.hu/jr/gen/hjegy_doc.cgi?docid=A0400024.TV#lbj9param |title=Hungarian gun law, 24/2004 (Hungarian) |publisher=Complex.hu |access-date=2014-04-19}}</ref> governmental decision [https://net.jogtar.hu/jogszabaly?docid=A0400253.KOR&celpara= 253/2004. (VIII. 31.)] and directive of the Minister of Internal Affairs 49/2004. The law defines a firearm as having muzzle energy that exceeds {{convert|7.5|J|ftlbf}}. A firearms license may be granted to those over the age of 18 who have no criminal convictions or mental disability, and have passed a basic firearms theory/practical examination. Three categories of firearms ownership are allowed: Hunting (Firearms restricted to bolt action rifles and double barrel shotguns), Sports shooting (only restriction is no fully automatic firearms), Self defense (special permission from the Police, very rarely granted in special cases e.g. gun shop owners). Sports shooting has in recent years gained popularity with the number of sports category licenses being issued steadily climbing. Government initiatives to popularize shooting sports such as building shooting ranges and introducing shooting as a sport in the schooling system has slowly begun. It is generally expected that obtaining (and keeping) a firearms permit is a slow and somewhat costly process, but once a permit is granted and the necessary yearly memberships are paid, yearly doctors certificates are obtained and the mandatory 2–3 sporting events are attended (for sports shooter) ownership is fairly liberal as to the type of firearm one can own.

In 2010, there were 129,000 registered gun owners (1.3% of the population) in Hungary with 235,000 firearms. The majority of these were hunting rifles. Gun violence is very rare in Hungary. Crime with firearms are very rare and this statistic usually includes crimes committed with non-lethal "pepper spray" guns. Police use lethal force with a firearm less than 10 times per year, on average.<ref>{{cite web|author=Független Hírügynökség |url=http://index.hu/belfold/2011/04/17/fegyverbe_magyar/ |title=Fegyverbe magyar? |publisher=Index.hu |date=2011-04-17 |access-date=2014-04-19}}</ref>

====Ireland====
{{Main|Firearms policy in the Republic of Ireland}}

Gun laws in Ireland are strict, requiring all firearms to be licensed individually through the [[Gardaí]] (police). Applicants must be 16 years of age and have a good reason for ownership, a secure location to store firearms, proof of competency with the firearm or arrangements to achieve such, provide access to medical records and two character references, and be of sound mind and temperate habits. Applicants convicted of certain specified offenses will be denied a firearms certificate. Personal protection is not a valid reason for ownership.

Irish firearms law is based on the Firearms Act 1925,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1925/en/act/pub/0017/print.html|title=Firearms Act, 1925|website=Irish Statute Book|publisher=Office of the [[Attorney General of Ireland]]}}</ref> which was amended by several following acts in 1964,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1964/en/act/pub/0001/index.html|title=Firearms Act, 1964|website=Irish Statute Book|publisher=Office of the [[Attorney General of Ireland]]}}</ref> 1968,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1968/en/act/pub/0020/index.html|title=Firearms (Proofing) Act, 1968|website=Irish Statute Book|publisher=Office of the [[Attorney General of Ireland]]}}</ref> 1971,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1971/en/act/pub/0013/index.html|title=Firearms Act, 1971|website=Irish Statute Book|publisher=Office of the [[Attorney General of Ireland]]}}</ref> 1990,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1990/en/act/pub/0012/index.html|title=Firearms and Offensive Weapons Act, 1990|website=Irish Statute Book|publisher=Office of the [[Attorney General of Ireland]]}}</ref> 1998<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1998/en/act/pub/0032/index.html|title=Firearms (temporary Provisions) Act, 1998|website=Irish Statute Book|publisher=Office of the [[Attorney General of Ireland]]}}</ref> and 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/2000/en/act/pub/0020/index.html|title=Firearms (Firearm Certificates for Non-Residents) Act, 2000|website=Irish Statute Book|publisher=Office of the [[Attorney General of Ireland]]}}</ref> The cumulative effect of these modifications, along with modifications in other acts and confusion over which amendments applied, resulted in a 2006 Irish Law Reform Commission recommendation that all extant legislation be restated (written in a single document with all prior Acts repealed).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lawreform.ie/news/report-on-legislation-directory-and-consultation-paper-on-classified-list-of-legislation-in-ireland.339.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110207172508/http://www.lawreform.ie/news/report-on-legislation-directory-and-consultation-paper-on-classified-list-of-legislation-in-ireland.339.html |archive-date=7 February 2011|title=Report on Legislation Directory and Consultation Paper on Classified List of Legislation in Ireland|date=14 January 2011|publisher=[[Law Reform Commission (Ireland)|Law Reform Commission of Ireland]]}}</ref> However, the Criminal Justice Act 2006,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/2006/en/act/pub/0026/index.html|title=Criminal Justice Act 2006|website=Irish Statute Book|publisher=Office of the [[Attorney General of Ireland]]}}</ref> contained a rewriting almost 80% of the Firearms Act. It was quickly followed by amendments in 2007<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/2007/en/act/pub/0029/index.html|title=Criminal Justice Act 2007|website=Irish Statute Book|publisher=Office of the [[Attorney General of Ireland]]}}</ref> and further major amendments in 2009,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/2009/en/act/pub/0028/index.html|title=Criminal Justice (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2009|website=Irish Statute Book|publisher=Office of the [[Attorney General of Ireland]]}}</ref> exacerbating the legislative confusion. {{As of|2014|post=,}} the Law Reform Commission recommendation has not as yet been fully enacted; the Firearms Act consists of the initial 1925 Act amended by approximately twenty separate Acts and is well understood by only a handful of those directly involved in its drafting, amendment or usage. Extensive complaints have arisen over the application of the legislation, with several hundred judicial review cases won in the High Court and Supreme Court by firearms owners, all relating to licensing decisions which had not adhered to the Firearms Act.

====Italy====
{{Main|Gun control in Italy}}

In Italy, national police issue gun licenses to those over the age of 18 without criminal records, who are not mentally ill or known to use illicit substances, and who can prove competence with firearm safety. A shooting sports license permits transporting unloaded firearms and firing them in designated shooting ranges. A hunting license allows holders to engage in hunting with firearms. A concealed carry license permits a person to carry a loaded firearm in public, and requires proving a "valid reason" to do so (e.g. a security guard or a jeweller at risk of robbery). All weapons must be registered within 72 hours from the moment of purchase. The number of firearms an individual may own and retain at the place declared during registration is limited to:
* Unlimited weapons suitable for hunting. These are defined as smoothbore or rifled firearms having a barrel length of at least 30 centimetres and a total length of at least 60 centimetres. In the case of smoothbores the caliber must not be greater than 12 gauge, while in the case of rifles it must not be smaller than 5.6 millimetres measured between the lands, with a casing length no shorter than 40 millimetres if the caliber is exactly equal to 5.6 millimetres.<ref group="law">{{cite web | url=https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/eli/id/1992/02/25/092G0211/sg | title=Gazzetta Ufficiale }}</ref>
* Twelve long or short firearms classified as suited for shooting sports by the Italian national proof house at the request of a sport association federated with the Italian Olympic Committee (CONI).
* Three weapons whose characteristics do not make them suitable for hunting and that have not been classified as suitable for sporting.
* Eight antiques firearms (manufactured before 1890).
* An unlimited quantity of single shot muzzle-loading functioning replicas of firearms built before 1890.
* Unlimited quantity of Moderate Offensive Capacity (<7,5 Joule) air guns.
The last two can be purchased in an authorized firearm shop by anyone who can prove to be at least 18 years old, without the need for a license. The carrying of such weapons is forbidden without a licence and no registration is required (Art. 7 c.4 DM 362/2001).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/eli/id/2001/10/04/001G0420/sg|title=Gazzetta Ufficiale|website=www.gazzettaufficiale.it}}</ref> These limits can be exceeded with a collector license.

Ammunition: any licence allows the owner to keep 200 rounds of handgun and 1500 rounds of hunting ammunition or up to 5&nbsp;kg of gunpowder (smokeless or black) to handload cartridges. Registration is required within 72 hours from acquisition for all ammunition and powder. Registration is not to be repeated if ammunition and powder are used and then bought again, unless the original quantity registered is being exceeded with the new purchase. Smoothbore cartridges not loaded with slugs but instead with shot (regardless of its size) can be owned without registration if the number possessed is inferior to one thousand.

====Lithuania====
{{Main|Gun laws in Lithuania}}

====Luxembourg====

In [[Luxembourg]], anyone wishing to purchase, possess or use a firearm must hold a permit issued by the Minister of Justice in person.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://guichet.public.lu/en/citoyens/loisirs-benevolat/permis-licences/detention-armes/autorisation-armes.html|title=Applying for a weapons licence |department=Arms and Security Service, Ministry of Justice |publisher=Government of Luxembourg |website=guichet.public.lu|language=en|access-date=2019-04-23}}</ref>

The most common reasons for applying for a permit are hunting, recreational shooting, weapons collecting, and inheriting a firearm. Anyone who inherits a firearm must have a permit even if they have no intention to ever touch or use the gun.<ref name=":0" />

Self-defence is not a valid reason for owning a firearm. However, the Ministry of Justice is concerned that some permit holders falsely cite another reason (such as recreational shooting) as a justification for acquiring their permit when their sole actual motivation is self-defence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://luxtimes.lu/archives/10171-87-322-registered-guns-in-luxembourg|title=87,322 registered guns in Luxembourg|website=luxtimes.lu|date=11 December 2017|language=en|access-date=2019-04-23}}</ref>

====Malta====
{{Main|Gun laws in Malta}}

Firearms are allowed in Malta for sport shooting, collection and hunting purposes. To get firearm license one must join a shooting or collectors club for training, which will issue a recommendation letter for the police, after which applicant must pass knowledge of firearm safety and the Arms Act. After successfully completing every step one will get license.

There are 102,610 registered firearms (or 22 per 100 people), including 56,000 shotguns, 10,553 pistols, 7,856 rifles, 5,369 revolvers, 501 machine guns, 477 sub-machine guns, 633 combat shotguns, 22 cannons, 7 humane killers and 2 rocket launchers.

Law allow carrying firearms while hunting, with 10,544 licensed to do so on land and 247 on sea.<ref name="malta" /> Carrying loaded firearms outside of hunting grounds or shooting range is illegal. Automatic firearms are allowed only if they were produced before 1946.

====Netherlands====
In the [[Netherlands]], gun ownership is restricted to hunters, collectors and target shooters.<ref>[https://business.gov.nl/regulation/permit-weapons-and-ammunition/ Licence for weapons and ammunition]</ref> A hunting license requires passing a hunters safety course and an exam. To own a gun for target shooting, the applicant must have been a member of a shooting club for a year.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}} People with felonies, drug addictions, and mental illnesses may not possess firearms.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Stoker |first1=Elsbeth |last2=Thijssen |first2=Wil |date=2014-12-08 |title=De wapenvergunning die er niet had mogen komen |url=https://www.volkskrant.nl/gs-b1354b95 |access-date=2022-08-24 |website=de Volkskrant |language=nl-NL}}</ref> To be a collector one has to limit oneself to a specific area of expertise and demonstrate a serious and thorough knowledge of that area, for instance through publications or lectures.

Once obtained, firearms must be stored in a safe and are annually inspected by police (every 3 years when over 25). Legally owned firearms may only be used in self-defense as a last resort.<ref>[https://mymaastricht.nl/housing/safety-in-maastricht/personal-safety/ Personal Safety in Maastricht]</ref><ref>[https://opiniojuris.org/2019/04/29/soldier-self-defense-symposium-netherlands-views-on-self-defence-for-military-personnel%EF%BB%BF/ Soldier Self-Defense Symposium: Netherlands Views on Self-Defence for Military Personnel] Hans Boddens Hosang and Terry Gill. 29 April 2019. Amsterdam Center for International Law</ref> Fully automatic firearms are only allowed on a special permit (usually issued to collectors), but there are otherwise few restrictions: semi-automatics, handguns, and magazines of all sizes{{Citation needed|reason=How was the EU Gun Ban implemented?|date=May 2022}} are legal, as are all types of non-armourpiercing, non-incendiary or non-explosive ammunition. Silencers require special permission. A licensed target shooter may only have five firearms registered to his or her license at one time (hunters seven, collectors unlimited) but exceptions are possible. Antique firearms (not replicas or center fire cartridge revolvers) are free to own when originally designed and produced for black powder and not at any time officially proofed and stamped for nitro powder.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

====Poland====
{{Main|Gun laws in Poland}}

Gun ownership in [[Poland]] is regulated by the Weapons and Munitions Act of 1999 as further amended.<ref>{{cite act|type = Act|title = Ustawa z dnia 21 maja 1999 r. o broni i amunicji (tekst jednolity)|url = https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/download.xsp/WDU20220002516/U/D20222516Lj.pdf|language = pl|trans-title = Weapons and Munitions Act of 21 May 1999 (full text with amendments)|date = 20 October 2022|publication-date = 2022-12-07|access-date = 2023-06-14|legislature = [[Sejm]]|via = Sejm (isap.sejm.gov.pl)}}</ref> A permit is required to own or possess firearms. Permits are granted for specific purposes, such as self-defense, sport, hunting, collecting etc. and are {{em|shall issue}} except the ones for self-defense, which are {{em|may issue}}. Institutional permits allow for firearm ownership by private security companies, shooting ranges, sport clubs etc.

Permits are issued to permanent residents over 21, not addicted to alcohol or other substances, having no criminal record, being in good physical and mental health, who passed an exam before sporting association, hunting association or the [[Policja|Police]]. Permits specify the purposes, categories and quantities of allowed guns; categories depend on permit purpose while quantities are assigned at the discretion of the Police, based on documentation provided. Quantities can be increased when one uses up all available slots.

Carrying loaded guns is allowed on all types of permits except permits for collecting and memorial purposes. Hunters can carry loaded only on hunting grounds. Guns shall be carried concealed in a holster close to the body.<ref>{{cite act|type = Regulation|title = Rozporządzenie Ministra Spraw Wewnętrznych z dnia 26 sierpnia 2014 r. w sprawie przechowywania, noszenia oraz ewidencjonowania broni i amunicji|url = https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/download.xsp/WDU20140001224/O/D20141224.pdf|language = pl|trans-title = Regulation of the Minister of Internal Affairs and Administration of 26 August 2014 regarding storage, carrying and filing of firearms and ammunition|date = 26 August 2014|publication-date = 2014-09-16|access-date = 2022-02-11|via = Sejm (isap.sejm.gov.pl)}}</ref> Carrying in public transport is limited only to self-defense permit holders.<ref>{{cite act|type = Regulation|title = Rozporządzenie Ministrów Transportu i Gospodarki Morskiej oraz Spraw Wewnętrznych i Administracji z dnia 10 kwietnia 2000 r. w sprawie przewożenia broni i amunicji środkami transportu publicznego|url = https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/download.xsp/WDU20000310390/O/D20000390.pdf|language = pl|trans-title = Regulation of the Ministers of Transport and Maritime Economy and of Internal Affairs and Administration of 10 April 2000 regarding transporting firearms and ammunition in public transport|date = 10 April 2000|publication-date = 2000-04-21|access-date = 2022-03-03|via = Sejm (isap.sejm.gov.pl)}}</ref> It is prohibited to carry while intoxicated, and when attending public gatherings or mass events.

Everyone, including foreigners, is allowed to use legal guns at registered shooting ranges, regardless of actual gun's ownership, e.g. rented from the range or shared by a legal owner present. Discharging a firearm for training or leisure out of a registered shooting range (even on a large private property) is prohibited.

Full-auto or select-fire firearms are permitted only on institutional and training permits. Since 2020 the Police can issue permits for firearms with suppressors for hunting, but only to be used for sanitary shootings, see [[Gun laws in Poland#Sound suppressors|main article]] for details. Armor-piercing, incendiary, tracer and other special ammunition is banned. Only valid permit holders are allowed to buy or possess live ammunition, and only of the types exactly matching the guns they legally own. The quantity of matching ammunition in possession is not limited. Hunters, collectors and sport shooters are allowed to manufacture (reload) ammunition, but strictly for their own use. There are further limits regarding allowed types and calibers depending on the purpose of the permit – see main article for details. There are no limits of magazine capacity, except when hunting.

Replicas of cartridgeless black powder firearms designed before 1885 require no permit to own. However, a separate bill of law allows businesses to sell black powder to licensed customers only.<ref>{{cite act|type = Act|title = Ustawa z dnia 13 czerwca 2019 r. o wykonywaniu działalności gospodarczej w zakresie wytwarzania i obrotu materiałami wybuchowymi, bronią, amunicją oraz wyrobami i technologią o przeznaczeniu wojskowym lub policyjnym|url = https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/download.xsp/WDU20190001214/U/D20191214Lj.pdf|language = pl|trans-title = An Act on Conducting Business in Production and Trade of Explosives, Firearms, Ammunition and Goods and Technology of Military and Police Purposes|date = 13 June 2019|publication-date = 2019-07-01|access-date = 2022-01-04|legislature = [[Sejm]]|via = Sejm (isap.sejm.gov.pl)}}</ref> This is often circumvented by obtaining a [[European Firearms Pass]] for a black powder firearm, asking a licensed colleague (there are no restrictions of private sale or just giving out of black powder) or by buying powder in neighboring countries, mostly the [[Czech Republic]].

Air guns up to 17 [[Joule]]s of muzzle energy are unregulated. Air guns above that limit are considered pneumatic weapons, no permit is required but the owner has to be 18 and has to pass medical and psychological evaluation as for firearms permit; guns must be registered with the Police and may be used only on registered shooting ranges. Use of pneumatic weapons outside of shooting range is considered the same kind of offense as using firearms.

Some other weapons are restricted and require a permit, such as [[electroshock weapon]]s with mean current greater than 10 mA, large [[pepper spray]] dispensers, [[crossbow]]s, specific kinds of batons, [[brass knuckles]] and [[nunchaku]]s, however ban on nuchakus is not enforced.

====Romania====
Gun ownership in [[Romania]] is regulated by [http://legeaz.net/legea-295-2004-armelor-munitiilor/ Law 295/2004]. Romania has one of the toughest gun ownership laws in the world.<ref>{{cite web|author=de Andrei Luca POPESCU |url=http://www.gandul.info/reportaj/exclusiv-20-000-de-romani-s-au-inarmat-in-2011-fostul-sef-de-la-arme-din-politie-stii-cat-e-valabil-avizul-psihologic-pana-iesi-pe-usa-cabinetului-9375494 |title=EXCLUSIV. 20.000 de români s-au înarmat în 2011. Fostul şef de la Arme din Poliţie: "Ştii cât e valabil avizul psihologic? Până ieşi pe uşa cabinetului!" |date=23 April 2012 |publisher=Gandul.info |access-date=2014-04-19}}</ref> In order for citizens to obtain a [[weapon]], they must obtain a permit from the police, and must register their weapon once they purchase it. There are several categories of permits, with different requirements and rights, including hunting permits, self-defense permits, sports shooting permits and collectors permits. The only categories of people who are legally entitled to carry a weapon are owners of self-defense permits, magistrates, [[Member of Parliament|MPs]], military forces and certain categories of diplomats. A [[psychological evaluation]] is required beforehand in all cases.

Furthermore, knives and daggers may in certain conditions (blade longer than 15&nbsp;cm and at least 0.4&nbsp;cm in width, double edge along the whole blade, etc.) be considered weapons and have a similar regime to those of firearms.

In order for a hunter to obtain a hunting/gun ownership license, he must spend a certain "practice time" with a professional hunter. To obtain a self-defense permit, one must be under witness protection. Sporting and collectors licenses require membership in a sport shooting club or collectors' association, respectively.

The amount of ammunition that can be owned is regulated by permit type. Sporting permits allow the ownership of 1,000 matching cartridges per gun; hunting permits allow 300 matching cartridges per gun; self-defense permits allow 50 bullet cartridges and 50 blanks per gun; Collectors permits do not allow for private ownership of ammunition.<ref>{{cite web |date=2015-12-15 |title=Legea 319 din 2015 |url=http://legeaz.net/monitorul-oficial-929-2015/legea-319-2015-modificarea-legii-295-2004-regim-arme-munitii |access-date=2016-10-26 |publisher=Legeaz.net}}</ref>

Explosive weapons and ammunitions, fully automatic weapons, weapons camouflaged in the shape of another object, armor-piercing ammunition and lethal weapons that do not fit in any category defined by the law are prohibited.

The type of gun is also regulated by permit. Below is a shortened version of the table detailing the restrictions by type of lethal weapon and permit, for civilian owners. Note that for collectors, short weapons designed after 1945 are forbidden, while only non-lethal weapons are allowed for self-defense permits.<ref>{{cite web |date=2004-12-30 |title=Legea 295 din 2004 |url=http://lege5.ro/Gratuit/gm4tsmbuhe/legea-nr-295-2004-privind-regimul-armelor-si-al-munitiilor |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321095647/https://lege5.ro/Gratuit/gm4tsmbuhe/legea-nr-295-2004-privind-regimul-armelor-si-al-munitiilor |archive-date=21 March 2019 |access-date=2016-10-26 |publisher=lege5.ro}}</ref>

It is illegal to use or carry weapons with a muzzle velocity of over 10 kJ if "the barrel is fitted with devices conceived or adapted to reduce recoil"<ref>{{cite web |date=2005-02-24 |title=Norme de Aplicare a Legii 295 din 2004 |url=https://www.juridice.ro/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Norme-metodologice-legea-295.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016180350/https://www.juridice.ro/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Norme-metodologice-legea-295.pdf |archive-date=2017-10-16 |url-status=live |access-date=2017-10-16 |publisher=juridice.ro}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Gun type !! Hunting !! Sporting !! Collection
|-
| Short, center-fire weapons such as pistols and revolvers || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
| Long, semi-automatic weapons with a magazine capacity of more than 3 cartridges || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
| Long, semi-automatic weapons that retain the appearance of a fully automatic weapon || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{yes}}
|-
| Long, semi-automatic weapons with a magazine capacity of at most 3 cartridges, and which cannot be reasonably modified to hold more than 3 cartridges || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
| Long, smooth-bore semi-automatic and repetition weapons with a length of at most 60&nbsp;cm || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
| Short, single-shot centerfire weapons with a length of at most 28&nbsp;cm || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
| Short, rim-fire single-shot, semi-automatic and repetition weapons || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
| Single-shot center-fire rifles || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
| Single-shot smoothbore weapons at least 28&nbsp;cm long || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|}

:Note that there are other restrictions for obtaining weapons under a sports-shooting license.

:Minors (14 and older) may also use a weapon, provided that they are under the supervision of someone who has a gun license. However, they cannot own or carry one until the age of 18.<ref>{{cite web |date=2006-11-22 |title=Legea 407 din 2006 a vânătorii, actualizată în 2011 |url=http://legeaz.net/legea-407-2006-vanatorii/ |access-date=2014-04-19 |publisher=Legeaz.net}}</ref>

:The use of guns for self-defense is only allowed if the gun is a last resort option.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.just.ro/Portals/0/Coduri/Proiect%20-%20Codul%20penal%20-%2025%20februarie%202009.doc |title=LEGE PRIVIND CODUL PENAL |publisher=Just.ro |access-date=18 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916091848/http://www.just.ro/Portals/0/Coduri/Proiect%20-%20Codul%20penal%20-%2025%20februarie%202009.doc |archive-date=16 September 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====Slovakia====
Gun ownership in [[Slovakia]] is regulated principally by law 190/2003 (law of weapons and ammunition).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legistelum.sk/platne-zakony |title=Platné zákony a nariadenia |publisher=Legistelum.sk |access-date=2014-04-19}}</ref>
A firearms license may be issued to an applicant at least 21 years of age (18 years for category D if they own a valid hunting permit, 15 years for state representative in sport-shooting), with no criminal history, and of sound health and mind, who has a valid reason for owning a gun, passes an oral exam covering aspects of gun law, safe handling, and first aid.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.minv.sk/?vydanie-zbrojneho-preukazu |title=Vydanie zbrojného preukazu |publisher= Ministry of Interior |access-date=2018-08-31}}</ref>

Licenses are issued in 6 categories:
* Category A: Concealed carry for self-defense
* Category B: Home self-defense
* Category C: Possession for work purposes
* Category D: Long guns for hunting
* Category E: Possession for sport shooting
* Category F: Collecting

A concealed carry license is only issued if the police deem a sufficient justification. Because of that issue of this license is may-issue in practice, and vary [[Districts of Slovakia|across Slovakia]] by stance of individual police department issuing licence. It is kind of [[Gun laws in California|similar to California]], some department is almost shall-issue, another need true sufficient reason (like a constant more than average threat, previous assaults on applicant, transports of money, former service in army or law enforcement, legal awareness of applicant, clientelism). Only about 2% of the adult population holds this license.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.minv.sk/swift_data/source/policia/op/zdroje_statistky_op_zbrane/statistika%20zbrane%20za%20rok%202011.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202134120/http://www.minv.sk/swift_data/source/policia/op/zdroje_statistky_op_zbrane/statistika%20zbrane%20za%20rok%202011.pdf |archive-date=2015-02-02 |url-status=live |title=Data |publisher=Minv.sk |access-date=18 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Miloslav Brunn |url=https://gunlex.cz/domu/48-zbrane-a-legislativa/legislativa/680-slovensko-udery-zbrklych-novely |title=Slovensko: Údery zbrklých novel |publisher=Gunlex.cz |access-date=2018-08-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://legistelum.sk/postup-ziskania-zp-skupiny-a/ |title=Postup získania ZP skupiny A |publisher=Legistelum.sk |access-date=2018-08-31}}</ref>

There is an exception for non-repeating muzzle-loaded firearms, which may be purchased without a license.

====Slovenia====
Gun ownership in [[Slovenia]] is regulated under the "Weapons Law" (Zakon o orožju) which is harmonised with the directives of the EU. Gun permits are issued to applicants at least 18 years old, reliable, without criminal history and who has not been a [[conscientious objector]], who passes a medical exam and a test on firearm safety. A specific reason must be given for gun ownership: for hunting or target shooting, the applicant must provide proof of membership in a hunting or sports shooting organization; for collection, the applicant must arrange safe storage with a level of security dependent on the type of weapons; for self-defense, the applicant must prove a risk to personal safety to such an extent that a weapon is needed.

As in most EU member states, the ownership of Category A firearms is prohibited; however these can be owned by weapon collectors, providing that requirements are met. [[Suppressor]]s are legal and unregulated since 2021. Firearms must be stored in a locked cabinet with ammunition stored separately. Concealed carry is allowed in special circumstances. A gun permit is also required for airguns with muzzle velocity greater than {{convert|200|m/s|ft/s|abbr=on}} or energy of {{convert|20|J|ftlbf}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uradni-list.si/1/objava.jsp?urlid=200523&stevilka=777 |title=Uradni list Republike Slovenije |publisher=Uradni-list.si |access-date=2014-04-19}}</ref>

====Spain====
Firearm regulation in Spain is restrictive, enacted in Citizen Security Protection Organic Act of 2015 and the Weapons Regulation (Royal Decree 137/1993). Both laws are covered by article 149.1.26.ª of the [[Spanish Constitution]], which attributes to the State the exclusive competence in terms of the "regime of production, trade, possession and use of weapons and explosives".

A firearm license may be obtained from the [[Civil Guard (Spain)|Guardia Civil]] after passing a police background check, a physiological and medical test, and a practical and theoretical exam. Shotgun, rifle and sporting licenses must be renewed after 5 years, subject to firearm inspection. Sporting licence requires to present proof of sporting activity of at least one competition each year. A minimum score may be required for some categories. Police may inspect firearms at any time. A self-defense and concealed carry license must be renewed every year, and is only available under special conditions.

A license-holder may own up to 6 shotguns, and unlimited rifles. With a sporting license, valid for 5 years, 1 to 10 handguns may be owned, depending on sports-shooting level. Magazine capacity for semi-automatic centerfire rifles and semi-automatic shotguns is limited to 10 rounds for sports shooting and 2 rounds for hunting. Handgun magazines are limited to 20 round capacity. Rimfire rifles, regardless of type have no magazine limit. Rifles chambered for certain cartridges with military origins are prohibited, such as .223/5.56 NATO and .50 BMG. The .308 Winchester and 7.62x39 mm (AK round) cartridges are only permitted in bolt-action, repetition or single-shot firearms. Proof of ownership of an approved safe is required for all centerfire rifles and handguns, and the owner is responsible for firearm thefts. Ammunition must be stored separately. Rifle and handgun ammunition may only be possessed for legally owned firearms, and purchases and possession is limited to 200 rounds rifle and 100 rounds for handguns. In addition, there are yearly limits in quantity (1000 for rifles,100 for handguns); however additional quantities can be petitioned, mainly for sporting use. For shotgun Ammunition, adults with a valid ID can purchase/possess up to 5,000 shells and there are no yearly limits in quantity. License-holders are only allowed to transport their unloaded firearms from their residence to the shooting range or hunting field and back, with no detours. Firearms may only be discharged at approved shooting ranges or hunting grounds (in season).

There are firearm license for private security for handguns and rifles. These cannot be used outside of work and must be stored in the workplace premises (with approved safe).

In addition there are handgun license for self-defense in concealed carry. However, this is granted on a "may issue" basis with several standards of necessity to be met and very few are granted. This license must be renewed annually and is not automatic.

Members of police forces and officers and non-commissioned officers of the armed forces have a special firearms license which encompasses all of the others. There are additional licenses for collectors and muzzle-loading firearms.<ref name="Real Decreto 137/1993, de 29 de enero, por el que se aprueba el Reglamento de Armas. Revision." /><ref name="LLoC 2015-01-21" /><ref name="guardia civil's website">{{cite web|url=http://www.guardiacivil.es/es/servicios/armasyexplosivo/controldearmas|title= El control de las armas|language=es}}</ref>

====Sweden====
{{more citations needed section|date=January 2014}}
Gun ownership in [[Sweden]] is regulated by Vapenlagen 1996:67 (literally, The Weapon Law),<ref name="riksdagen.se">{{cite web|url=http://www.riksdagen.se/sv/Dokument-Lagar/Lagar/Svenskforfattningssamling/Vapenlag-199667_sfs-1996-67/ |title=Svensk författningssamling 1996:67 Vapenlag (1996:67) |publisher=riksdagen.se |access-date=2014-04-19}}</ref>
modified by weapon decree Vapenförordningen 1996:70<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://www.riksdagen.se/sv/Dokument-Lagar/Lagar/Svenskforfattningssamling/_sfs-1996-70/ |title=Svensk författningssamling 1996:70 Vapenförordning (1996:70) |publisher=riksdagen.se |access-date=2014-04-19}}</ref> and FAP 551-3 / RPSFS 2009:13.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.polisen.se/Global/www%20och%20Intrapolis/FAP/FAP551_3_RPSFS2009_13.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090807023907/http://www.polisen.se/Global/www%20och%20Intrapolis/FAP/FAP551_3_RPSFS2009_13.pdf |archive-date=2009-08-07 |url-status=live |title=Rikspolisstyrelsens forfattnings-samling |publisher=Polisen.se |access-date=18 February 2015}}</ref> The [[Swedish Police Authority|police]] issue licenses to persons older than 18 years in good standing on the "need to have" basis, which generally implies either hunting or sport shooting. Passing a hunting examination or membership in an approved sport shooting club for six months is required. Sport shooting licenses must be renewed every 5 years, whereas hunting licenses are valid for the lifetime of the holder. License-holders may lend a weapon to a person at least 15 years of age for supervised use.

A separate license is required for each particular firearm or caliber conversion kit. There's no codified limit on the number of licenses a person can hold, but in practice a license-holder may own up to six hunting rifles, ten handguns, or a mix of eight rifles and handguns. Firearms must be stored in an approved safe. A firearm registered for hunting may be used for sport shooting, but not vice versa. In 2023, previous restrictions on hunting licenses for semi-automatic firearms based on appearance or military origin were lifted, and as a result the only remaining restrictions specific to hunting are a minimum total weapon length exceeding 60 cm and magazine size on semi-automatic rifles and magazine-fed shotguns.<ref>{{cite web |date=7 December 2023 |title=Nu är AR-vapen tillåtna för jakt |url=https://www.jaktojagare.se/utrustning/nu-ar-ar-vapen-tillatna-for-jakt/ |website=Jakt & Jägare}}</ref> Licenses for fully automatic weapons are not generally issued, with limited exceptions for collection and sport shooting using the WWII era [[Carl Gustaf m/45|m/45 submachine gun]].

Starting 1 July 2022, suppressors no longer require a separate license and can be freely acquired by anyone with a valid gun license and can be legally used both for hunting and target shooting.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://polisen.se/tjanster-tillstand/vapen-regler-och-tillstand/ljuddampare/ | title=Från och med den 1 juli 2022 gäller nya regler för ljuddämpare.| publisher=polisen.se |access-date=2022-07-10}}</ref>

Self-defense with firearms, as well as carry, is generally prohibited. Carry permits can be issued by the police under very special circumstances like an immediate and demonstrable threat to life. Transportation of unloaded firearms is allowed to and from approved shooting ranges or hunting grounds. Sweden is notorious for having even pepper spray and other nonlethal self-defence methods under its weapons law with similar legal punishments for misuse.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mace-europe.com/eu-pepper-spray-laws/|title=PEPPER SPRAY LAWS|website=mace-europe.com|access-date=26 May 2022|archive-date=27 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527060521/https://mace-europe.com/eu-pepper-spray-laws/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Firearm collectors must have a clearly stated demarcation of their interest in collecting (e.g.: pre-World War II British handguns). The police may demand security measures on keeping the collection. Collectors may request a time-limited permit to discharge their weapons. Firearms manufactured before 1890 and not using sealed cartridges are exempt from the weapon law.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.riksdagen.se/sv/Dokument-Lagar/Lagar/Svenskforfattningssamling/Vapenlag-199667_sfs-1996-67/#K1 |title=Svensk författningssamling 1996:67 Vapenlag (1996:67) |publisher=riksdagen.se |access-date=2014-04-19}}</ref>