Editing History of medicine (section)

==== Nazi and Japanese medical research ====
Unethical [[human subject research]], and killing of patients with disabilities, peaked during the Nazi era, with [[Nazi human experimentation]] and [[Aktion T4]] during [[the Holocaust]] as the most significant examples. Many of the details of these and related events were the focus of the [[Doctors' Trial]]. Subsequently, principles of [[medical ethics]], such as the [[Nuremberg Code]], were introduced to prevent a recurrence of such atrocities.<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Freyhofer HH |title=The Nuremberg Medical Trial: the Holocaust and the origin of the Nuremberg medical code |date=2004 |publisher=P. Lang |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8204-6797-9 |url=https://www.questia.com/read/106747886/the-nuremberg-medical-trial-the-holocaust-and-the |access-date=2017-08-29 |archive-date=2015-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916054048/https://www.questia.com/read/106747886/the-nuremberg-medical-trial-the-holocaust-and-the |url-status=dead }}</ref> After 1937, the Japanese Army established programs of biological warfare in China. In [[Unit 731]], Japanese doctors and research scientists conducted large numbers of vivisections and experiments on human beings, mostly Chinese victims.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Nie JB, Guo N, Selden M, Kleinman A |title=Japan's Wartime Medical Atrocities: Comparative Inquiries in Science, History, and Ethics |date=2010 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-1-136-95260-9 }}</ref>