Editing History of science (section)

===Advances in genetics===
[[File:Template from Crick and Watson’s DNA molecular model, 1953. (9660573227).jpg|thumb|right|Watson and Crick used many aluminium templates like this one, which is the single base [[Adenine]] (A), to build a physical model of DNA in 1953.]]
In the early 20th century, the study of heredity became a major investigation after the rediscovery in 1900 of the laws of inheritance developed by [[Gregor Mendel|Mendel]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Henig |first=Robin Marantz |title=The Monk in the Garden : The Lost and Found Genius of Gregor Mendel, the Father of Genetics |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-395-97765-1 |oclc=43648512 |url=https://archive.org/details/monkingardenlost00heni }}</ref> The 20th century also saw the integration of physics and chemistry, with chemical properties explained as the result of the electronic structure of the atom. [[Linus Pauling]]'s book on ''The Nature of the Chemical Bond'' used the principles of quantum mechanics to deduce [[bond angle]]s in ever-more complicated molecules. Pauling's work culminated in the physical modelling of [[DNA]], ''the secret of life'' (in the words of [[Francis Crick]], 1953). In the same year, the [[Miller–Urey experiment]] demonstrated in a simulation of primordial processes, that basic constituents of proteins, simple [[amino acid]]s, could themselves be built up from simpler molecules, kickstarting decades of research into the [[abiogenesis|chemical origins of life]]. By 1953, [[James D. Watson]] and [[Francis Crick]] clarified the basic structure of DNA, the [[genetic material]] for expressing life in all its forms,<ref name=WastonCrick/> building on the work of [[Maurice Wilkins]] and [[Rosalind Franklin]], suggested that the structure of DNA was a double helix. In their famous paper "[[Molecular structure of Nucleic Acids]]"<ref name=WastonCrick>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/171737a0 |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/watsoncrick.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024200745/http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/watsoncrick.pdf|archive-date=2017-10-24 |title=Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid |year=1953 |last1=Watson |first1=J. D. |last2=Crick |first2=F. H. C. |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=171 |issue=4356 |pages=737–738 |pmid=13054692 |bibcode=1953Natur.171..737W |s2cid=4253007 }}</ref> In the late 20th century, the possibilities of [[genetic engineering]] became practical for the first time, and a massive international effort began in 1990 to map out an entire human [[genome]] (the [[Human Genome Project]]). The discipline of [[ecology]] typically traces its origin to the synthesis of [[evolution|Darwinian evolution]] and [[Humboldtian science|Humboldtian]] [[biogeography]], in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cittadino |first=Eugene |title=Nature as the laboratory: Darwinian plant ecology in the German Empire, 1880-1900 |date=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52486-5 |location=Cambridge}}</ref> Equally important in the rise of ecology, however, were [[microbiology]] and [[soil science]]—particularly the [[biogeochemical cycle|cycle of life]] concept, prominent in the work of [[Louis Pasteur]] and [[Ferdinand Cohn]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ackert |first=Lloyd T. |date=2007-03-01 |title=The "Cycle of Life" in Ecology: Sergei Vinogradskii's Soil Microbiology, 1885–1940 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10739-006-9104-6 |journal=Journal of the History of Biology|volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=109–145 |doi=10.1007/s10739-006-9104-6 |s2cid=128410978 |issn=1573-0387}}</ref> The word ''ecology'' was coined by [[Ernst Haeckel]], whose particularly holistic view of nature in general (and Darwin's theory in particular) was important in the spread of ecological thinking.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Egerton |first=Frank N. |title=Roots of ecology: antiquity to Haeckel |date=2012 |publisher=University of California press |isbn=978-0-520-27174-6 |location=Berkeley}}</ref> The field of [[ecosystem ecology]] emerged in the Atomic Age with the use of radioisotopes to visualize food webs and by the 1970s ecosystem ecology deeply influenced global environmental management.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Martin |first=Laura J. |title=[[Wild by Design]]: The Rise of Ecological Restoration |date=2022 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-97942-0 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts}}</ref>