Editing Zoning (section)

==== Performance zoning ====
{{See also|Performance-based building design}}

Performance zoning, also known as flexible or impact zoning<ref>{{Cite web |last=Commission |first=Chester County Planning |title=Chester County Planning Commission |url=https://www.chescoplanning.org/ |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=www.chescoplanning.org |language=en}}</ref> or effects-based planning, was first advocated by Lane Kendig in 1973.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fall Speaker Series: Using the New Performance Zoning with Lane Kendig |url=https://planning.unc.edu/event/fall-speaker-series-lane-kendig/ |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=CAROLINA PLANNING |language=en-US}}</ref> It uses performance-based or goal-oriented criteria to establish review parameters for proposed development projects.<ref name="Hirt 2014" />{{rp|77}} Performance zoning may use a menu of compliance options where a property developer can earn points or credits for limiting environmental impacts, including affordable housing units, or providing public amenities. In addition to the menu and points system, there may be additional discretionary criteria included in the review process.<ref name=":3" /> Performance zoning may be applied only to a specific type of development, such as housing, and may be combined with a system of use-based districts.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nolon |first=John |date=2002-10-16 |title=Performance Zoning: Shaping Land Development Patterns Today |url=https://digitalcommons.pace.edu/lawfaculty/700 |journal=Elisabeth Haub School of Law Faculty Publications}}</ref> 

Performance zoning is flexible, logical, and transparent while offering a form of accountability.<ref name=":3">{{cite book |url=http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=12465&page=90 |title=Urban Stormwater Management in the United States |date=17 February 2009 |isbn=978-0-309-12539-0 |doi=10.17226/12465 |access-date=10 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911001821/http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=12465&page=90 |archive-date=11 September 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> These qualities are in contrast with the seemingly arbitrary nature of use-based zoning. Performance zoning can also fairly balance a region's environmental and housing needs across local jurisdictions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yannacone |first1=Victor John |last2=Rahenkamp |first2=John |last3=Cerchione |first3=Angelo J. |date=1976 |title=Impact Zoning: Alternative to Exclusion in the Suburbs |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27890703 |journal=The Urban Lawyer |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=417–448 |jstor=27890703 |issn=0042-0905}}</ref>  Performance zoning balances principles of markets and private property rights with environmental protection goals.<ref name=":3" /> However, performance zoning can be extremely difficult to implement due to the complexity of preparing an impact study for each project,<ref name="Hirt 2014" />{{rp||pages=|page=77}} and can require the supervising authority to exercise a lot of discretion.<ref name=":3" /> Performance zoning has not been adopted widely in the US.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gray |first=M. Nolan |title=Arbitrary lines: how zoning broke the American city and how to fix it |date=2022 |publisher=Island Press |isbn=978-1-64283-254-9 |location=Washington Covelo [Calif.] |pages=47 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7" />