Editing Zoetrope (section)

===William Ensign Lincoln & Milton Bradley's Zoetrope (1865–1867)===
[[File:1867-04 lincoln patent US64117-0R.jpg|thumb|W.E. Lincoln's U.S. Patent No. 64,117 of April 23, 1867]]
William Ensign Lincoln invented the definitive zoetrope in 1865 when he was about 18 years old and a sophomore at [[Brown University]], Providence, Rhode Island. Lincoln's patented version had the viewing slits on a level ''above'' the pictures, which allowed the use of easily replaceable strips of images. It also had an illustrated paper disc on the base, which was not always exploited on the commercially produced versions. On advice of a local bookstore owner, Lincoln sent a model to color lithographers and board game manufacturers [[Milton Bradley Company|Milton Bradley and Co.]]<ref name="Herbert1" /> Some shop owners advertised the zoetrope in American newspapers in December 1866.<ref>{{cite book |title=[[Indianapolis Daily Journal]] |date=December 3, 1866}}</ref> William E. Lincoln applied for a U.S. patent for his ''Zoëtrope'' on July 27, 1866<ref name="Veras">{{Cite journal |last=Veras |first=Christine |date=April 23, 2022 |title=Reanimating the History and the Forgotten Characteristics of the Zoetrope |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/17468477221085412 |journal=Animation|volume=17 |pages=26–48 |doi=10.1177/17468477221085412 |s2cid=248367347 |via=SAGE}}</ref> as an assignor to Milton Bradley, and it was granted on April 23, 1867.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/pdfs/US64117.pdf |title=Toy patent |website=docs.google.com |date=1867 }}</ref> 
It was also patented in the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]] on June 7, 1867 (application March 6, 1867) under no. 629, by Henry Watson Hallett (as a communication to him by Milton Bradley),<ref name="Herbert1" /> and in the [[Second French Empire]] by Charles William May (filed May 14, 1867).<ref name="Veras" />

Over the years Milton Bradley released at least seven numbered series of twelve zoetrope strips each, as well as a set of twelve strips by Professor [[Robert Hallowell Richards]] showing the gradual transformations from one [[Cubic crystal system|isometric]] form to another,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/catalogueofgames00milt#page/44/mode/2up|title=Bradley's Game and Toy Catalogue. 1889-90|year=1889}}</ref> and one separately available strip showing the progress of the [[Grecian bend]] (a woman morphing into a camel).<ref name="Herbert1" /> The [[London Stereoscopic and Photographic Company]] was licensed as the British publisher and repeated most of the Milton Bradley animations, while adding a set of twelve animations by famous British illustrator [[George Cruikshank]] in 1870.<ref name=Herbert2/> French licensee F. Delacour & Bakes produced the "Zootrope, ou cercle magique", of which newspaper ''Le Figaro'' ordered 10,000 copies to sell to subscribers at a reduced price.<ref name="Veras" />